Search results for “COPD”
246 results
Article
Acute eosinophilic pneumonia
Acute eosinophilic pneumonia is an eosinophilic lung disease which can mimic community-acquired pneumonia or present with acute lung injury 10:
Epidemiology
The true incidence is unknown due to under-diagnosis and under-reporting. Studies of military personnel indicate approximately 10 per 100...
Article
Review areas on chest radiograph
Review areas on a chest radiograph are common areas for missed findings, and special attention should be paid to them:
lung apices: masses (e.g. Pancoast tumor), pneumothorax
behind the heart: consolidation, masses, hiatus hernia 2
below the diaphragm: free gas, lines and tubes (e.g. nasogast...
Article
Tracheomalacia (differential)
A dilated trachea has numerous causes, and in almost all cases represents tracheomalacia (increased size and increased compliance).
As is almost always the case, various diameters have been used. Typical figures include >26 mm in men, >23 mm in women or >30 mm for both genders ref.
Although ma...
Article
Mucoid impaction (lung)
Mucoid impaction, also referred to as mucus plugging, refers to airway filling by retained secretions. When the bronchi become dilated due to mucoid impaction, the term bronchocele can be used 6.
Pathology
Etiology
Mucoid impaction may result from either obstructive or non-obstructive causes,...
Article
Descending necrotizing mediastinitis
Descending necrotizing mediastinitis is a severe form of mediastinitis and refers to an acute, polymicrobial infection of the mediastinum that usually spreads downwards from oropharyngeal, cervical, and odontogenic infection.
Epidemiology
Associations
diabetes: more than one-third of patients...
Article
Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP) is an idiopathic condition characterized by the alveoli filling with an inflammatory, eosinophil-rich infiltrate. Classically on imaging, it appears as chronic consolidation with upper zone and peripheral predominance.
Epidemiology
Most patients are middle ...
Article
Pertussis
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough is a highly contagious, acute respiratory illness that is caused by the gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis.
Epidemiology
The incidence of pertussis in children has dramatically decreased since the introduction of pertussis vaccination. However,...
Article
Differential diagnosis for a small cardiothoracic ratio
A small cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) is defined as <42%/0.42 when assessed on a PA chest radiograph, and is often called small heart syndrome. A pathologically-small heart is also known as microcardia.
It can be due to/associated with a number of entities:
adrenal insufficiency, e.g. Addison di...
Article
Obstructive bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Obstructive bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is an uncommon manifestation of non-invasive aspergillosis seen in patients with AIDS. It is typically caused by Aspergillus fumigatus and represents marked overgrowth of intraluminal of the fungus.
Article
CT chest non-contrast (protocol)
The CT chest (non-contrast) protocol serves as an outline for the acquisition of a chest CT without the use of an intravenous contrast medium.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of a CT protocol for the assessment of the chest. Protocol specifics will vary depending on CT scanne...
Article
Flail chest
Flail chest or flail thoracic segment implies paradoxical motion of a segment of chest wall during respiration due to multiple rib fractures. Definitions vary; radiologists apply the term when three or more contiguous ribs are fractured in two or more places. Clinically, a segment of only one or...
Article
Smoking-related lung disease
Smoking-related lung diseases are the respiratory manifestations of disease that are related to the smoking of tobacco. Smoking affects the lungs in numerous ways, and can be classified under the following headings:
smoking related-interstitial lung diseases (SR-ILD)
respiratory bronchiolitis ...
Article
Resorptive (obstructive) atelectasis
Resorptive or obstructive atelectasis is a form of lung collapse that is due to obstruction of the airways supplying a lung segment or lobe. It is a term used to distinguish atelectasis identified on imaging based on the underlying pathophysiology to guide diagnosis.
Clinical presentation
The ...
Article
Asthma (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease, usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity. It is defined by two main features 1:
a history of respiratory symptoms such as wheeze, shortness of breat...
Article
Lobar collapse (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Lobar collapse is relatively common and occurs following obstruction of a bronchus. Gas is resorbed from the lung parenchyma distal to the obstruction resulting in the collapse of the lung, with volume reduction and negativ...
Article
Bronchocentric granulomatosis
Bronchocentric granulomatosis is a rare chronic condition where airway granulomas form in response to different insults. It is included in the spectrum of eosinophilic lung disease.
Epidemiology
Bronchocentric granulomatosis can affect a wide age spectrum of patients but is thought to peak bet...
Article
Tension pneumothorax
Tension pneumothoraces occur when intrapleural air accumulates progressively with hemodynamic compromise 10. It is a life-threatening occurrence requiring both rapid recognition and prompt treatment to avoid a cardiorespiratory arrest.
For a general discussion, refer to the pneumothorax article...
Article
Neonatal pneumonia
Neonatal pneumonia refers to inflammatory changes of the respiratory system caused by neonatal infection.
Epidemiology
It is one of the leading causes of significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Neonatal pneumonia accounts for 10% of global child mortality. At the time of w...
Article
Air trapping
Air trapping is the retention of excess gas in lung distal to one or more obstructed airways. Subnormal reduction in volume and subnormal increase in attenuation on end-expiratory CT are diagnostic findings and the affected areas are typically sharply demarcated. Reactive vasoconstriction is oft...
Article
Subcutaneous emphysema
Subcutaneous emphysema (also known commonly, although less correctly, as surgical emphysema), strictly speaking, refers to gas in the subcutaneous tissues. But the term is generally used to describe any soft tissue emphysema of the body wall or limbs since the gas often dissects into the deeper ...
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