Articles
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1,432 results found
Article
Pediatric clavicle abnormalities
The clavicle is a unique bone and as such it often displays unique pathology. The following is an attempt to summarize pediatric clavicle abnormalities.
Pediatric bone tumors and tumor-like lesions of the clavicle
majority of clavicular tumors are malignant
Ewing sarcoma (most common)
osteos...
Article
Catel-Manzke syndrome
Catel-Manzke syndrome is a digitopalatal syndrome initially described in 1961. Inheritance pattern is unknown. Radiographic findings include micronagthia and accessory ossicles at the bases of the metacarpals.
Article
Central tegmental tract T2 hyperintensity
High T2 signal of the central tegmental tract, which connects the red nucleus and inferior olivary nucleus, is an uncommon finding typically encountered in early childhood.
The central tegmental tract refers mainly to the extrapyramidal tracts connecting between the red nucleus and the inferio...
Article
Pyrexia of unknown origin
A pyrexia of unknown origin, commonly shortened to PUO, and also known as a fever of unknown origin (FUO), was originally defined in 1961 as the condition in which the core body temperature is >38.3oC for a period of three weeks or more, with no diagnosis reached after one week of inpatient inve...
Article
Salter-Harris type III fracture
Salter-Harris type III fractures are an uncommon, intraarticular fracture physeal fractures that occur in children.
The fracture line is often obliquely oriented through the epiphysis to the physis where it will take a horizontal orientation extending to the edge of the physis.
The prognosis...
Article
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), occasionally known collectively as Batten disease, are a group of genetic neurodegenerative disorders of childhood in which there is excessive accumulation of lipofuscin.
Terminology
The use of Batten disease as an umbrella term for neuronal ceroid lipofu...
Article
Raccoon eyes sign (base of skull fracture)
Raccoon eyes sign (or panda eyes in the UK and Ireland) refers to periorbital ecchymosis with sparing of the tarsal plate 3 and is a physical examination finding indicative of a base of skull fracture of the anterior cranial fossa.
However it is not pathognomonic for trauma, and there are sever...
Article
Hypospadias
Hypospadias refers to a type of congenital malformation affecting the male external genitalia.
Epidemiology
The estimated prevalence is ~2 (range 0.2-4.1) per 1000 live births.
Pathology
The urethral meatus is abnormally positioned proximally and ventrally to its normal position.
It is thou...
Article
Enchondromatosis
Enchondromatosis, also known as Ollier disease (see Terminology section), is a non-hereditary, sporadic, skeletal disorder characterized by multiple enchondromas principally located in the metaphyseal regions.
Terminology
Some authors make a distinction between Ollier disease and enchondromato...
Article
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is an epileptic encephalopathy characterized by refractory childhood-onset epilepsy accompanied by intellectual disability and psychiatric/behavioral disturbance.
Epidemiology
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is thought to represent 1-2% of all patients with epilepsy 6. The cond...
Article
Croup
Croup, also known as acute laryngotracheobronchitis, is due to viral infection of the upper airway by parainfluenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Although imaging findings are not required for the diagnosis, classic findings of narrowing of the subglottic airway and dilatation of ...
Article
Dravet syndrome
Dravet syndrome, previously known as severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI), is a rare form of epilepsy usually presenting in the first 1-2 years of life.
Clinical presentation
The typical presentation occurs during the first six months to one year of life as tonic-clonic seizures (includ...
Article
Neonatal hydronephrosis
Neonatal hydronephrosis is most commonly diagnosed antenatally as fetal pylectasis, and in the majority of cases is due to pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction.
Pathology
Etiology
pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction (50% of cases 1,6)
vesicoureteric reflux (~20% of cases 5)
poste...
Article
Fibrous dysplasia
Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a developmental benign medullary fibro-osseous process characterized by the failure to form mature lamellar bone and arrest as woven bone that can be multifocal. It can affect any bone and occur in a monostotic form involving only one bone or a polyostotic form involvin...
Article
Rasmussen encephalitis
Rasmussen encephalitis, also known as chronic focal encephalitis, is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown origin, usually affecting one brain hemisphere.
It is not to be confused with a Rasmussen aneurysm.
Epidemiology
Most cases (85% of cases) occur in children under the age of 10 years...
Article
Pseudocyst
A pseudocyst is an abnormal fluid-filled cavity which is not lined by epithelium. It is this fact that distinguishes it pathologically from a cyst, which is lined by epithelium.
Examples of pseudocysts include:
adrenal pseudocyst
auricular pseudocyst
intraspinal epidural gas pseudocysts
me...
Article
Antral nipple sign (pyloric stenosis)
The antral nipple sign refers to redundant pyloric mucosa protruding into the gastric antrum and is seen in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis on ultrasound examination.
See also
cervix sign (pyloric stenosis)
target sign (pyloric stenosis)
Article
Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia
Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (also known as metaphyseal dysplasia or dysostosis) is a type of skeletal dysplasia. It can occur as part of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS).
Pathology
Classification
Schmid type - mild type, due to mutation in type X collagen (COL10A1 gene), metaphyses are cuppe...
Article
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma
The embryonal subtype of rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common variety of rhabdomyosarcoma, accounting for 50-70% of cases 1,2. It is typically seen in children below the age of 15.
Pathology
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas are further divided into three subtypes 1:
spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma
r...
Article
Freiberg disease
Freiberg disease, also known as Freiberg infraction, is osteochondrosis of the metatarsal heads. It commonly affects the 2nd or 3rdmetatarsal head (in ~2/3 and ~1/4 of all cases, respectively) or rarely, the 4th or 5th metatarsal head 13. It can be bilateral in up to 10% of cases.
Epidemiology
...
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