Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,430 results found
Article
Pneumatosis coli
Pneumatosis coli is a descriptive sign presenting radiographically as intramural gas limited to the colonic wall.
Terminology
There are different terminologies in the medical literature, such as pneumatosis intestinalis, pneumatosis coli, and pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. Pneumatosis in...
Article
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a dystrophinopathy and the most common muscular dystrophy.
Epidemiology
Duchenne muscular dystrophy has an incidence of 1 in 3500 to 5000 males 1,2. The condition is extremely rare in females due to its inheritance pattern, as discussed below 1.
Clinical p...
Article
Proximal radio-ulnar synostosis
Proximal radio-ulnar synostosis is an upper limb skeletal malformation characterised by bony fusion at the proximal aspect of the radius and ulna. Of the radio-ulnar synostoses, the proximal third is considered the most common site.
Epidemiology
Proximal radioulnar synostoses are rare occurre...
Article
Greenstick fracture
Greenstick fractures are incomplete fractures of long bones and are usually seen in young children, more commonly less than 10 years of age. They are commonly mid-diaphyseal, affecting the forearm and lower leg. They are distinct from torus fractures.
Pathology
Mechanism
Greenstick fractures ...
Article
Vesicoureteric reflux
Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) is the term for the abnormal flow of urine from the bladder into the upper urinary tract and is typically encountered in young children.
For grading of vesicoureteric reflux, please refer to vesicoureteric reflux grading.
Epidemiology
The incidence of urinary tract...
Article
Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face
Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face is a very rare congenital, non-hereditary disease manifesting with prominent unilateral facial overgrowth and deformity.
Clinical presentation
Facial asymmetry is always noted at birth. Other findings on the affected side include:
unilateral ske...
Article
Galloway-Mowat syndrome
Galloway-Mowat syndrome (GAMOS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterised by nephrotic syndrome and central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities, namely microcephaly.
Epidemiology
Galloway-Mowat syndrome is considered extremely rare. Approximately 40 cases have been reported worldwide...
Article
Spinal muscular atrophy
Spinal muscular atrophy is a type of congenital neuromuscular disease affecting anterior horn cells of the brainstem and spinal cord.
Epidemiology
This disorder affects 1 in 6000-10000 infants 1.
Clinical presentation
Spinal muscular atrophy typically affects infants and young children, pres...
Article
Hypovitaminosis C (scurvy)
Scurvy is a condition caused by a dietary lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), hence is also called hypovitaminosis C, and is characterised by an increased bleeding tendency and impaired collagen synthesis resulting in osteoporosis and impaired wound healing.
Epidemiology
Scurvy in adults is rar...
Article
Cervical thymus
The cervical thymus (plural: cervical thymi) refers to an ectopic location of the thymus in the neck above the level of the brachiocephalic veins.
Clinical presentation
A cervical thymus usually presents before adolescence as a painless unilateral midline or lateral neck mass.
Pathology
Aeti...
Article
Biotin deficiency
Biotin deficiency is very rare. Biotin is a vitamin which acts as an enzymatic cofactor with a key role in energy production and the synthesis of fats. Biotin is present in a diverse range of cereals, nuts, seeds and eggs. Hence, true deficiency is unusual. It has been observed in the following ...
Article
Perthes disease
Perthes disease, also known as Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, refers to idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral epiphysis seen in children.
Terminology
Perthes disease should not be confused with Perthes lesion of the shoulder.
Epidemiology
Perthes disease is relatively uncommon and in Western...
Article
Medulloepithelioma of the brain
Medulloepitheliomas of the brain are rare, highly malignant, primitive embryonic tumours derived from the primitive medullary plate and neural tube. These tumours, once considered distinct entities, are now thought to be a pattern of embryonal tumours with multilayered rosettes. Please refer to ...
Article
Anal atresia
Anal atresia, or imperforate anus, refers to a spectrum of anorectal abnormalities ranging from a membranous separation to complete absence of the anus.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is 1 in 5000 live births.
Associations
There are frequent associations with other congenital abnormali...
Article
Crohn disease
Crohn disease, also known as regional enteritis, is an idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease characterised by widespread discontinuous gastrointestinal tract inflammation. The terminal ileum and proximal colon are most often affected. Extraintestinal disease is common.
Epidemiology
The diagnos...
Article
Ascites
Ascites (hydroperitoneum is a rare synonym) is defined as an abnormal amount of intraperitoneal fluid.
Terminology
Ascites (plural is the same word) tends to be reserved for relatively sizeable amounts of peritoneal fluid. The amount has not been defined formally. It is noted physiologically, ...
Article
Cortical desmoid
Cortical desmoids, also known as cortical avulsive injuries, Bufkin lesion or distal femoral cortical defects/irregularities, are a benign self-limiting entity that are common incidental findings. This is a classic "do not touch" lesion, and should not be confused with an aggressive cortical/per...
Article
Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum
Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum may be complete (agenesis) or partial (dysgenesis) and represents an in utero developmental anomaly. It can be divided into:
primary agenesis: corpus callosum never forms
secondary dysgenesis: corpus callosum forms normally and is subsequently destroyed
Epide...
Article
Wolman disease
Wolman disease is a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism resulting in the deposition of fats in multiple organs. This presents on imaging by hepatosplenomegaly and enlarged calcified adrenals.
Clinical presentation
Patients with Wolman disease typically present during the first ...
Article
Pelvis radiograph (paediatric)
The radiography of the pelvis in the paediatric patient varies greatly from the adult examination; particularly as specialised techniques are often required to immobilise the patient. To avoid future mobility and pain complications, it is essential to treat fractures and correct developmental pa...
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