Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
719 results found
Article
Medical devices in the abdomen and pelvis
Medical devices in the abdomen and pelvis are important to be recognized, just like medical devices of the chest. We often ignore these devices, considering them to be incidental and non-pathological, however it is essential to be aware of potential complications.
Gastrointestinal devices
tube...
Article
Portal vein thrombosis
Portal vein thrombosis may be seen in a variety of clinical contexts, and when acute can be a life-threatening condition. It is a major cause of non-cirrhotic presinusoidal portal hypertension. Portal vein thrombus may be either bland and/or malignant (i.e. tumor thrombus), and it is a critical ...
Article
Pancreatic cancer (staging)
Staging of pancreatic cancer (i.e. ductal adenocarcinoma) is traditionally performed according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) / Union for International Cancer Control (IUCC) TNM system.
In the 2017 new edition (8th edition) AJCC published various major changes including exocr...
Article
Pancreatic cystosis
Pancreatic cystosis is a rare abdominal manifestation of cystic fibrosis characterized by the presence of multiple epithelium-lined macroscopic cysts that replace the pancreatic parenchyma in patients with cystic fibrosis. It is typically an asymptomatic incidental imaging diagnosis and the cyst...
Article
Gallbladder carcinoma
Gallbladder carcinoma is a type of gallbladder cancer and specifically refers to primary epithelial malignancies arising from the gallbladder, in which the great majority (90%) are adenocarcinomas and the remainder are squamous cell carcinomas. They are more prevalent in elderly women and, in mo...
Article
Acute necrotic collection
Acute necrotic collections (ANCs) are an early, local complication of necrotizing pancreatitis.
Terminology
The following are the latest terms according to the updated Atlanta classification to describe fluid collections associated with acute pancreatitis 1,2:
fluid collections in interstitia...
Article
MELD score
The MELD score (Model for End-stage Liver Disease) is a classification used to grade chronic liver disease in preparation for liver transplantation in adults. The score has prognostic value in terms of three-month mortality.
The components of the MELD score are:
serum creatinine (mg/dL)
if di...
Article
Pancreatic trauma injury grading
A number of pancreatic injury grading systems have been proposed for pancreatic trauma.
Classifications
American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) 5,7
The proximal pancreas is defined as the gland to the right of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV)-portal vein axis whereas the dista...
Article
Atoll sign (liver MRI)
The atoll sign in hepatic imaging has been described when a liver lesion shows a peripheral rim of high T2 signal intensity with the center of the lesion appearing isointense to the background of non-cirrhotic liver on T2WI mimicking an atoll. The peripheral rim shows hyperenhancement in the por...
Article
Bismuth-Corlette classification
The Bismuth-Corlette classification is a classification system for perihilar cholangiocarcinomas, which is based on the extent of ductal infiltration 1,2.
Classification
type I
limited to the common hepatic duct, below the level of the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts
type II...
Article
Hepatobiliary contrast agents and LI-RADS
LI-RADS (Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System) is both a set of standardized terminology and a classification system for imaging findings in liver lesions. The LI-RADS score for a liver lesion is an indication of its relative risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The classification system ...
Article
Focal hepatic steatosis
Focal hepatic steatosis, also known as focal hepatosteatosis or (erroneously) focal fatty infiltration, represents small areas of liver steatosis. In many cases, the phenomenon is believed to be related to the hemodynamics of a third inflow.
Epidemiology
Essentially the same as those that co...
Article
Diffuse hepatic steatosis
Diffuse hepatic steatosis, also known as fatty liver, is a common imaging finding and can lead to difficulties assessing the liver appearances, especially when associated with focal fatty sparing.
Epidemiology
Diffuse hepatic steatosis is common, affecting ~25% of the population.
Pathology
...
Article
Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas
Solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas are rare and usually benign pancreatic cystic neoplasms that are most commonly seen in young females.
Terminology
The tumor has been referred to with multiple different names, including:
solid pseudopapillary tumor (SPT) of the pancreas
solid ps...
Article
Choledochal cyst - type I
Type I choledochal cysts appear as a fusiform or cystic dilatation of the extrahepatic biliary system (common bile duct +/- common hepatic duct).
Epidemiology
Although uncommon in Western countries (1:100,000 to 1:150,000), they are the most common type of biliary cyst. Their prevalence may be...
Article
Todani classification of bile duct cysts
The Todani classification of bile duct cysts classically divides choledochal cysts into five groups.
Classification
Traditional classification
Type I
See: choledochal cyst - type I
account for 80-90% of all bile duct cysts
characterized by fusiform dilation of the extrahepatic bile duct
a...
Article
Milan criteria in liver transplantation
The Milan criteria are used to assess suitability in patients for liver transplantation with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with comparable outcomes when compared to patients with liver cirrhosis but without HCC 3.
Usage
The Milan criteria are widely accepted and used, however, t...
Article
Pancreatic ducts
The exocrine pancreas drains into the gastrointestinal tract via the main and accessory pancreatic ducts. Several anatomical variations of the typical ductal drainage pattern exist, reflecting variations in the embryological development and fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds 13,14....
Article
Common bile duct
The common bile duct (CBD), which is sometimes simply known as the bile duct, is formed by the union of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct (CHD).
Terminology
On ultrasound, it is not always possible to confidently see where the cystic duct enters the common hepatic duct to form the common...
Article
Niemann-Pick disease type C
Niemann-Pick disease type c (NPD-C or just NPC) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder classed under Niemann-Pick disease on account of clinical similarities, namely hepatosplenomegaly and variable involvement of the central nervous system.
Epidemiology
NPD-C is inherited as an ...
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