Items tagged “case2”
138 results
Article
Gastric cancer (TNM staging)
Gastric cancer staging is routinely performed using the TNM staging system. This article is based on the 8th edition of the AJCC TNM classification of malignant tumors. This is technically the clinical TNM staging (cTNM).
cTNM staging (8th edition)
T
Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: ...
Article
Spinal arachnoid mater
The spinal arachnoid mater is a thin, delicate and avascular connective tissue membrane which forms the middle layer of the meninges and covers the spinal cord 1.
Gross anatomy
The spinal arachnoid mater becomes continuous with the cerebral arachnoid mater as it traverses the foramen magnum an...
Article
Polycythemia vera
Polycythemia vera (older term: polycythemia rubra vera) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm that results in an excess of red blood cells in the bloodstream.
Terminology
The standalone word polycythemia, a.k.a. erythrocytosis, is the medical term for the presence of an excessive number of red bloo...
Article
Functional gallbladder disorder
Functional gallbladder dysfunction refers to biliary pain due to motility disturbance of the gallbladder without gallstones, biliary sludge, microlithiasis or microcrystals.
Terminology
The disorder has been or is known by several other names, including gallbladder dysfunction, gallbladder dys...
Article
EBV-associated smooth muscle tumor
Epstein-Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumors are rare and encountered in immunocompromised individuals.
Epidemiology
These tumors are generally exceedingly rare, and only seen with any frequency in the setting of immunosuppression, particularly in HIV/AIDS patients, but also post-transpl...
Article
Sliver sign (patella)
The sliver sign refers to a curvilinear intra-articular osteochondral fragment in the knee joint on conventional knee radiographs. In the context of acute knee trauma and in association with joint effusion this sign is highly predictive of a recent transient lateral patellar dislocation 1.
Path...
Article
Inguinal endometriosis
Inguinal endometriosis is an unusual extrapelvic site for endometriosis.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is <0.1% among those having endometriosis 4. There is an increased right-sided predilection (~85% of reported cases) 9.
Clinical presentation
Patients may present with a tender groin...
Article
Intervertebral foramen
The intervertebral foramina, commonly also called the neural foramina, allow passage of structures out of and into the vertebral canal.
Gross anatomy
Boundaries
anterior: lower posterolateral aspect of a vertebral body and the intervertebral disc below, in the thoracic and lumbar regions.
in...
Article
Maxillary ostium
The maxillary ostium or maxillary hiatus is an opening that forms the drainage channel of the maxillary sinus and is also one of the components of the ostiomeatal unit. It is located posteriorly and medially near the roof of the maxillary sinus measuring approximately 2-4 mm. It drains into the ...
Article
Haller index
The Haller index (HI), also known as the pectus index, is a simple mathematical way to assess and describe the chest cage on CT of the thorax and is used in the detection and pre/postoperative assessment of pectus excavatum 1,5.
Measurement
The Haller index is calculated by dividing the transv...
Article
Cardiorenal syndrome
Cardiorenal syndrome is the association between cardiac failure and renal failure.
Pathology
Cardiorenal syndrome can manifest as a new onset of renal failure, or the aggravation of chronic renal failure within the ambit of an acute or chronic heart failure exacerbation. Sometimes it can occu...
Article
Manubriosternal and sternoxiphoidal joint fusion
Manubriosternal and sternoxiphoidal joint fusion can be partial or complete and may be a normal anatomic variant. Complete fusion can be seen at a young age. Pathological fusion can be seen in old age secondary to fusion caused by bridging osteophytes 2. It may also be seen in inflammatory arthr...
Article
Stack of coins sign (bowel)
Stack of coins sign refers to the appearance of small bowel folds that are smoothly and uniformly thickened 1. The margins between the folds are sharply delineated and the arrangement of clearly demarcated parallel folds is likened to a stack of coins or a picket fence. This sign is distinct fro...
Article
Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF)
Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) is a spinal fusion procedure usually performed at L5/S1 or L4/5.
The anterior approach is often selected in preference to other lumbar interbody fusion approaches due to it providing a superior view of the vertebrae as well as avoiding damage to posterio...
Article
Adjacent segment degeneration
Adjacent segment degeneration or adjacent level disease is a common complication of spinal fusion occurring at the adjacent unfused level above or below the fused segment.
Epidemiology
It is usually encountered in the cervical spine or lumbar spine and occurs with an incidence of 2-4% per year...
Article
Testicular fracture
Testicular fracture is a break in the parenchyma of the testis as a result of blunt trauma.
Radiographic features
Ultrasound
A fracture line can be seen as a hypoechoic and avascular area within the testis but is only seen in 17% of cases 1.
Disruption of the tunica albuginea suggests test...
Article
Hermaphroditism
Hermaphroditism states are a result of abnormalities in embryonic development and may have mixed characteristics of each sex, with variable clinical manifestations. True hermaphroditism is defined as the simultaneous presence in a single individual of both testicular and ovarian tissues, that may...
Article
Breast filariasis
Breast filariasis describes filariasis, a parasitic infestation commonly caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, of the breast.
Epidemiology
Lymphatic filariasis puts at risk more than a billion people in more than 80 countries who are seriously incapacitated or disfigured by the dis...
Article
Cerebellar hypoplasia
Cerebellar hypoplasia is a type of congenital morphological cerebellar abnormality in which the cerebellum has reduced volume, but a normal shape, and is stable over time 1,4. The pattern of volume loss may be regional (affecting only part of the cerebellum) or global.
Terminology
Global cere...
Article
Gastric varix
Gastric varices are an important portosystemic collateral pathway, occurring in ~20% of patients with portal hypertension. They are considered distinct from esophageal varices in that they have a propensity to hemorrhage at comparatively lower portal pressures 1, and are also associated with hig...
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