Items tagged “cases”
5,557 results
Article
Flexor carpi radialis tendon tunnel
The flexor carpi radialis tendon tunnel is a fibro-osseous canal in the anterior/volar aspect of the wrist. The tendon of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle occupies approximately 90% of the available space in the tunnel.
Gross anatomy
The FCR tendon travels above the scaphoid and through ...
Article
Bloomy rind sign (leptomeningeal metastases)
The bloomy rind sign is a radiological sign appreciated on MRI brain that is rarely but characteristically described in patients with leptomeningeal metastases (leptomeningeal carcinomatosis).
The sign describes the appearance of a curvilinear T2/FLAIR hyperintensity on the brainstem surface, t...
Article
Episcleritis
Episcleritis describes inflammation of the thin outer layer of the sclera. The episcleral layer is present in between the conjunctiva and sclera and can become acutely inflamed unilaterally or bilaterally.
Clinical presentation
Clinically, patients may present with:
red eye(s)
ocular discomf...
Article
HIV-associated CD8+ encephalitis
HIV-associated CD8+ encephalitis, or simply CD8+ encephalitis, is an inflammatory encephalopathy caused by perivascular and intraparenchymal CD8+ T cell infiltration, occurring in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, despite often having adequate viral suppression. It is a...
Article
Bone grafting of reverse Hill-Sachs defects
Bone grafting of reverse Hill-Sachs defect is the surgical restoration of the humeral head due to compromised shoulder stability from large defects, which in patients without significant glenoid bone loss who have good bone stock, preserved articular cartilage, and humeral head defect between 20...
Article
Riche-Cannieu anastomosis
Riche-Cannieu anastomosis describes a common interneural communication between the median nerve and the ulnar nerve in the hand.
Gross anatomy
Generally, this anastomosis is specifically between the deep palmar branch of the ulnar nerve and the recurrent branch of the median nerve, although ma...
Article
Small bowel diaphragm disease
Small bowel diaphragm disease is a rare clinical entity involving diaphragm-like septa causing small bowel lumen narrowing.
Epidemiology
Small bowel diaphragm disease is a relatively rare disease, with limited reported literature on its incidence and prevalence 1.
Risk factors
The following ...
Article
Myoepithelial carcinoma of the salivary glands
Myoepithelial carcinomas, also known as malignant myoepitheliomas, are rare malignant salivary gland tumours. Myoepithelial carcinoma makes up <2% of all salivary gland malignancies 1,3.
Epidemiology
Myoepithelial carcinoma affects males and females at an equal rate. The mean age at presenta...
Article
Marinacci anastomosis
Marinacci anastomosis, also known as reverse Martin-Gruber anastomosis, describes a rare interneural communication between the ulnar nerve and the median nerve in the distal forearm.
Gross anatomy
Most commonly, motor fibres from the ulnar nerve cross to join the median nerve in the distal for...
Article
Berrettini anastomosis
Berrettini anastomosis is a common sensory interneural communication between the ulnar nerve and the median nerve in the palmar surface of the hand.
Gross anatomy
The Berrettini anastomosis is a purely sensory anastomosis between the common palmar digital nerves that arise from the median and ...
Article
Orbital blastomycosis
Orbital blastomycosis, less commonly known as Gilchrist disease, is an orbital infection from the fungus Blastomyces dermatidis. Blastomycosis is typically acquired via inhalation of conidia (spores). Blastomycosis is a systemic pyogranulomatous infection.
Epidemiology
Even in endemic areas, b...
Article
Para-articular chondroma
Para-articular chondromas, also known as intracapsular chondromas, are one of the three variants of extraskeletal chondromas, the other two being synovial chondromatosis and soft tissue chondroma. These tumours arise from chondroid metaplasia of the joint capsule 1.
Epidemiology
These tumours ...
Article
Master knot of Henry intersection syndrome
The master knot of Henry intersection syndrome refers to the symptoms resulting from friction in the crossover area between the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and the flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendons 1.
Epidemiology
This syndrome is the most common aetiology of plantar mid-foot pain. The kn...
Article
Laryngeal paraganglia
The laryngeal paraganglia are tiny specialised neuroendocrine tissues located within and near the larynx. Their function is uncertain but they may play a role in regulating blood flow and responding to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.
Gross anatomy
Although nomenclature is variable...
Article
Fetal breathing movements
Fetal breathing movements (FBM) are episodic rhythmic contractions of the diaphragm and other muscles of respiration.
Fetal breathing may be noticed as early as 15 weeks of gestation. At 24 -28 weeks, the fetus breaths about 10-20% of the time, increasing to 30% at 30 weeks of pregnancy 1. Feta...
Article
Anal sphincter injury
Anal sphincter injury is a form of perineal trauma that can involve internal or external anal sphincters and may extend to the anorectal mucosa in severe cases.
This article is focusing on the most common type of anal sphincter injury that is associated with vaginal delivery, and represents thi...
Article
Unified classification system for periprosthetic fractures
The unified classification system (UCS) is used for periprosthetic fractures.
The classification is proposed to standardise the classification of periprosthetic fractures and provide a guide to the management of these fractures regardless of the broken bone or the joint affected 1-4.
The class...
Article
Femur series (paediatric)
The femur series for paediatrics is comprised of an anteroposterior (AP), and lateral radiograph. The series is utilised to assess for abnormalities pertaining to the shaft of the femur (often requested when fringe abnormality is seen on hip or knee radiographs). It is not an effective series to...
Article
Paediatric femur (AP view)
The anteroposterior femur view for paediatrics is part of a standard series examining the femur in its entirety, including the hip and knee joints.
Indications
This view demonstrates the paediatric femur in its natural anatomical position allowing for assessment of suspected dislocations, frac...
Article
Paediatric femur (lateral view)
The lateral femur view for paediatrics is part of a standard series examining the femur in its entirety, including the hip and knee joint.
Indications
This view demonstrates the femur in an orthogonal position to the AP view. This allows assessment of suspected dislocations, fractures, localis...
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