Items tagged “heart”
87 results found
Article
Thebesian valve
The Thebesian valve, also known as the valve of the coronary sinus, is a fold in the right atrium at the opening of the coronary sinus 1.
The valve can create difficulties and interfere with the cannulation of the coronary sinus during cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) 1.
Gross anatomy
...
Article
Cardiac volumes and measurements
Quantitative cardiac volumes and measurements can be obtained for the left and right cardiac chambers and include the following 1-3:
end-diastolic diameter
interventricular septum thickness
end-diastolic volume (EDV) [mL] and end-diastolic volume index (EDVI) [mL/m2]
end-systolic volume (ESV...
Article
Myocardium
The myocardium defines the middle layer of the cardiac wall between the endocardium and the pericardium and forms the muscular part of the heart.
Gross anatomy
The myocardium represents the middle layer of the cardiac wall. It is located between the endocardium and the epicardial layer of the ...
Article
IgG4-related coronary disease
IgG4-related coronary disease is a form of inflammatory arteritis and/or periarteritis of the coronary arteries and a form of IgG4-related disease.
Epidemiology
Similar to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease IgG4-related coronary disease affects older people above 60 years of age. There is...
Article
Segmental anatomy of the coronary arteries
The segmental anatomy of the coronary arteries has been originally developed and published by the Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and the American Heart Association (AHA). It is widely used for the description of coronary findings in particular within the scope of coronary artery disease.
Cor...
Article
Atrioventricular septum
The atrioventricular (AV) septum or septal atrioventricular junction forms a central part of the heart, where the interatrial and interventricular septum crosses the atrioventricular annular plane and join with the septal tricuspid and anterior mitral leaflet attachments.
Terminology
On a four...
Article
Inferior pyramidal space of the heart
The inferior pyramidal space of the heart is an area filled with epicardial adipose tissue at the backside or diaphragmatic side of the heart immediately beneath the crux cordis.
Gross anatomy
The inferior pyramidal space is a pyramid-shaped fibrofatty structure between the two septal atrial w...
Article
Triangle of Koch
The triangle of Koch or Koch’s triangle is an important landmark for atrioventricular catheter ablation procedures for the localisation of the atrioventricular node.
Gross anatomy
From a right atrial viewpoint, the triangle of Koch is delineated by the hinge of the septal tricuspid valve leafl...
Article
Atrial septum
The atrial or interatrial septum (IAS) is a fibromuscular anatomical structure dividing the left and right atrium and is of substantial importance for intra- and interatrial conduction.
Gross anatomy
The true atrial septum is defined by the septal area which could be pierced or crossed without...
Article
Purulent pericarditis
Purulent pericarditis or pericardial empyema is a serious form of a bacterial, fungal or parasitic infection of the pericardium associated with a neutrophilic pericardial effusion.
Epidemiology
Purulent pericarditis is rare nowadays and makes up <1% of pericarditis cases.
Risk factors
Factor...
Article
Vasospastic angina
Vasospastic angina (VSA), variant angina or Prinzmetal angina is a clinical entity that refers to a hyper-reactive response of the epicardial coronary arteries to vasoconstrictor stimuli.
Epidemiology
Incidence and prevalence seem not entirely explored and are highly variable between certain p...
Article
Papillary muscle rupture
Papillary muscle rupture (PMR) is a dangerous complication that can evolve as a consequence of myocardial infarction or infective endocarditis leading to severe acute mitral or tricuspid regurgitation leading to left or right-sided heart failure.
Epidemiology
Papillary muscle rupture is rare a...
Article
Infiltrative cardiomyopathy
Infiltrative cardiomyopathies are a group of diseases characterised by the deposition of different substances either within the cells or the extracellular space of the myocardium leading first to altered ventricular filling and diastolic dysfunction and eventually to overt systolic dysfunction 1...
Article
Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus
Caseous calcification, liquefactive necrosis or ‘toothpaste tumour’ of the mitral annulus refers to a calcified cardiac mass and a rare variant of mitral annular calcification that is often misdiagnosed as a cardiac abscess or cardiac tumour.
Epidemiology
Caseous mitral annular calcification i...
Article
Burned-out phase of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
The burned-out phase of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy refers to the end-stage of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and is characterised by myocardial fibrosis, systolic dysfunction and left ventricular wall thinning.
Epidemiology
The burned-out phase can be seen in 3-5% of patients with hypertrophic c...
Article
Cardiac dyssynchrony
Cardiac dyssynchrony refers to deviations in timing and/or disturbance of the normal sequence of activation and contraction between the atria and ventricles of the heart, the right and left ventricle or among the ventricular wall segments.
Epidemiology
Mechanical dyssynchrony is common in pat...
Article
Apical rocking
Apical rocking is a radiographic sign that might be seen either on echocardiography or cine imaging on cardiac MRI in the four-chamber view and refers to a movement of the cardiac apex in cardiac dyssynchrony. It is characterised by the following 1-3:
short-timed movement of the apex towards th...
Article
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a type of heart failure with normal or near-normal ejection fraction and objective evidence of diastolic dysfunction.
Terminology
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was initially termed ‘diastolic heart failure' and was repl...
Article
Atrial volume
The atrial volumes refer to the blood volumes of the left or right atrium and the atrial volume index is the respective atrial volume corrected for the body surface area (BSA).
Usage
Atrial volumes are measured for the assessment of many congenital and acquired cardiac conditions causing left ...
Article
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (diagnostic criteria)
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, alternatively Takotsubo syndrome, is a primary acquired cardiomyopathy characterised by transient left ventricular dysfunction. Several sets of diagnostic criteria exist and are variably utile in various clinical and research settings.
International Takotsubo Diagnosti...
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