Items tagged “oncology”
446 results
Article
Ischaemic colitis
Ischaemic colitis refers to inflammation of the colon secondary to vascular insufficiency and ischaemia. It is sometimes considered under the same spectrum as intestinal ischaemia. The severity and consequences of the disease are highly variable.
Epidemiology
Ischaemic bowel is typically a dis...
Article
Kimura disease
Kimura disease, also known historically as eosinophilic hyperplastic lymphogranuloma, is a rare benign inflammatory disease that characteristically manifests as enlargement of cervical lymph nodes and salivary glands.
Epidemiology
Kimura disease typically affects males (80%) between 20-40 year...
Article
Laryngeal carcinoma (staging)
Laryngeal carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of carcinomas involving the supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic larynx. The vast majority of applicable cases are squamous cell carcinomas, but other epithelial tumours are also included. The following article reflects the 8th edition published...
Article
Haemorrhagic intracranial metastases (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for primary malignancies responsible for haemorrhagic intracranial metastases is:
MR CT BB
MR CT HBO
Mnemonic
MR CT BB
M: melanoma
R: renal cell carcinoma
C: choriocarcinoma
T: thyroid carcinoma, teratoma
B: bronchogenic carcinoma
B: breast carcinoma
MR CT HBO
M: melanoma
...
Article
Oesophageal carcinoma
Oesophageal carcinoma is globally the 7th most common cancer and 6th most common cause of cancer-related death as per NCCN version 3.2023. It tends to present with increasing dysphagia, initially to solids and progressing to liquids as the tumour increases in size, obstructing the lumen of the o...
Article
Pancreatic neoplasms
There are numerous primary pancreatic neoplasms, in part due to the mixed endocrine and exocrine components.
Classification
Classification based on function
exocrine: ~99% of all primary pancreatic neoplasms
pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (commonly known as pancreatic cancer) 90-95%
acin...
Article
Pineal cyst
Pineal cysts are common, usually asymptomatic, and typically found incidentally. Their importance is mainly in the fact that they cannot be distinguished from cystic tumours, especially when large or when atypical features are present. As such, many patients undergo prolonged follow-up for these...
Article
Hepatic abscess
Hepatic abscesses, like abscesses elsewhere, are localised collections of necrotic inflammatory tissue caused by bacterial, parasitic, or fungal agents.
Epidemiology
The frequency of individual infective agents as causes of liver abscesses are intimately linked to the demographics of the affe...
Article
Renal oncocytoma
Renal oncocytomas are relatively benign renal tumours. The main clinical importance of this lesion is the difficulty in preoperatively distinguishing it from renal cell carcinomas, as epidemiology, presentation, imaging and even histology can be very similar.
Epidemiology
Renal oncocytomas ac...
Article
Oral cavity carcinoma (staging)
Oral cavity carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of carcinomas involving the oral cavity. The vast majority of applicable cases are squamous cell carcinomas, but other epithelial and minor salivary gland cancers are also included. The following article reflects the 8th edition published by th...
Article
Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis
Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis, also known as scrofula and king's evil, continues to be seen in endemic areas and in the industrialised world particularly among the immunocompromised.
Epidemiology
Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis is the most common manifestation of extrapulmonary tubercu...
Article
Hypertrophied column of Bertin
Columns of Bertin represent the extension of renal cortical tissue which separates the pyramids, and as such are normal structures. They become of radiographic importance when they are unusually enlarged and may be mistaken for a renal mass (renal pseudotumour).
Nomenclature of such enlarged co...
Article
Solid periosteal reaction
Solid periosteal pattern is thought to evolve from single layer and multilayered periosteal reactions, forming a solid layer of mature new bone adjacent to the cortex. It denotes a longstanding pathological process.
Differential diagnosis
osteoid osteoma
osteomyelitis
osteosarcoma
chondrosa...
Article
Stipple sign (transitional cell carcinoma)
The stipple sign refers to the pointillistic end-on appearance on intravenous pyelography or retrograde pyelography of contrast material tracking into the interstices of a papillary lesion. Because the majority of transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) have a papillary configuration, the presence of...
Article
Superscan
A superscan is an imaging appearance on a Tc-99m diphosphonate bone scan which occurs as a result of a high ratio of bone to soft tissue tracer accumulation. Intense osteoblastic activity in the bones causes diminished renal and background soft tissue uptake.
Pathology
Aetiology
This appearan...
Article
TNM staging system
The TNM staging system (officially known as the TNM classification system of malignant tumours) is a cancer staging system overseen and published by the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) publishes the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual which is ...
Article
Assessment of thyroid lesions (general)
Assessment of thyroid lesions is commonly encountered in radiological practice.
Thyroid mass
hyperplastic/colloid nodule/nodular hyperplasia: 85%
adenoma
follicular: 5%
others: rare
primary thyroid cancer (carcinoma)
papillary: 60-80% of carcinomas
follicular: 10-20%
medullary: 5%
anap...
Article
Tracheal masses
The differential for tracheal masses can be rather wide.
For a single mass consider:
metastasis
direct invasion from adjacent organ (lung, thyroid, oesophagus and larynx)
distant metastasis (e.g. melanoma, breast, renal, and colon cancer)
primary neoplasms
squamous cell carcinoma: common...
Article
Typhlitis
Typhlitis, also known as neutropenic colitis, is a necrotising inflammatory condition which typically originates in the caecum and, often extends into the ascending colon, appendix or terminal ileum, by the time of presentation. In general patients are immunocompromised, usually neutropenic.
Te...
Article
Wilms tumour (staging)
Wilms tumour staging is largely anatomical and relates to the invasion and spread of the tumour. Where there is invasion or metastasis, prognosis is poorer. Wilms tumour is one of the more common childhood malignancies.
stage I
confined to kidney
complete resection possible
stage II
local s...