Items tagged “refs”
2,954 results found
Article
Epidermolysis bullosa
Epidermolysis bullosa refers to a rare group of genetically determined conditions characterized by blistering of the skin. This can be limited to the soles and palms or extensive whole body involvement. Mutations in more than 20 different genes have been reported that contribute to the disease's...
Article
Erlenmeyer flask deformity
Erlenmeyer flask deformity (EFD), also known as metaphyseal flaring, refers to a radiographic appearance typically on a femoral radiograph demonstrating relatively reduced constriction of the diaphysis and flaring of the metaphysis as a result of undertubulation.
The name refers to the resembl...
Article
Extensor mechanism of the knee injuries
Extensor mechanism of the knee injuries can be subdivided into:
acute injuries
quadriceps muscle tears
quadriceps tendon rupture
patellar tendon rupture
patella fracture
patellar dislocation often with medial retinaculum tears
patellar sleeve fractures
chronic injuries
Osgood-Schlatter...
Article
External petrosal nerve
The external petrosal nerve is one of the three branches from the geniculate ganglion. It carries sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic plexus surrounding the middle meningeal artery, coursing extradurally laterally to the greater and lesser petrosal nerves on the petrous ridge's anterior surf...
Article
Extramural air cell
An extramural air cell is one that is not contained within its named parent bone. So, the infraorbital ethmoidal air cells that lie within the maxilla rather than the ethmoidal bone are an example of extramural air cells.
Article
Facial nerve choristoma
Facial nerve choristomas are rare, being characterized by non-neoplastic proliferation of smooth muscle cells and fibrous tissue. Facial nerve choristomas presumably can occur anywhere along the course of the facial nerve (CN VII), although the only cases reported are in the internal acoustic me...
Article
Fat halo sign (inflammatory bowel disease)
The fat halo sign (in colonic imaging) refers to a feature seen on CT abdominal scans, and represents infiltration of the submucosa with fat, between the muscularis propria and the mucosa. It is characterized by an inner (mucosa) and outer (muscularis propria and serosa) ring of enhancing bowel ...
Article
Fatty falx cerebri
A fatty falx cerebri is a benign entity in which there is fat within the extradural neural axis compartment located between the two visceral layers of the falx.
Epidemiology
According to one study, it is a common finding seen in ~7.5% of patients 1. This can be more common in older patients 1...
Article
Fishhook ureters
Fishhook ureters, also known as J-shaped ureters or hockey stick ureters describe the appearance of the distal ureter in patients with significant benign prostatic hypertrophy. It has also been used to describe the appearance of a retrocaval ureter in type 1 or low loop variety. As the right ure...
Article
Gas in the urinary bladder
There are numerous causes of gas in the urinary bladder. In the hospital setting, by far the most common is the placement of an indwelling urinary catheter. Other causes include 1:
iatrogenic
indwelling urinary catheter is by far the most common cause
cystoscopy, etc.
emphysematous cystitis
...
Article
Serous atrophy of bone marrow
Serous atrophy of bone marrow is a non-neoplastic bone marrow disorder that occurs with chronic illness and poor nutritional status. It is characterized by atrophy of the fatty marrow and loss of hematopoietic cells, replaced by an accumulation of extracellular mucinous substances.
Terminology
...
Article
Germinoma
Germinoma is a term that if unqualified, usually refers to a tumor of the brain but can also refer to similar tumors of other regions particularly the ovary and testis.
dysgerminoma of the ovary
seminoma of the testis
CNS germinoma: see WHO classification of CNS tumors
All these tumors share...
Article
Groove for the popliteus tendon
The groove for the popliteus tendon is a normal variant and should not be mistaken for a fracture. Rarely an ossicle called a cyamella is seen here, located within the popliteus tendon.
Article
Hemangioendothelioma
A hemangioendothelioma is a tumor derived from blood vessels.
Pathology
Subtypes
Subtypes dependent on location include
hemangioendothelioma (MSK)
hemangioendothelioma of liver
See also
epithelioid hemangioendothelioma
Article
Musculoskeletal hemangioendothelioma
Hemangioendotheliomas, along with hemangiopericytomas and angiosarcomas, are tumors that arise from vascular structures. In the case of hemangioendotheliomas, the cell of origin is the endothelial cell, and they range from benign to frankly malignant lesions.
Epidemiology
They typically occur ...
Article
Varicella pneumonia
Varicella pneumonia is a type of viral pneumonia. It is a common cause of multiple small round calcific lung lesions. Varicella-zoster virus most commonly causes self-limited benign disease (chickenpox) in children. However, in adults it tends to cause significant complications including varicel...
Article
Hydrocolpos
Hydrocolpos is characterized by an expanded fluid-filled vaginal cavity. When it is associated with distention of the uterine cavity, the term hydrometrocolpos should then be used. It may present in neonate, infancy or in an adolescent girl with a lower abdominal mass, or be delayed till menarch...
Article
Hydrometrocolpos
Hydrometrocolpos is characterized by an expanded fluid filled vaginal cavity with associated distention of the uterine cavity. It may present in infancy with a lower abdominal mass, or be delayed till menarche.
Pathology
Etiology
imperforate hymen (most common) also involves the upper portion...
Article
Hyperostosis frontoparietalis
Hyperostosis frontoparietalis is a variant of the more common and more well known hyperostosis frontalis interna. As the name suggests, there is benign overgrowth exclusively of the inner table of the frontal bones and parietal bones. Characteristic features include sparing of the midline and ou...
Article
Hyperostosis of the skull (differential)
Hyperostosis of the skull has many causes, broadly divided into focal or diffuse.
Diffuse
Paget disease of bone
metastatic disease, especially prostate carcinoma
chronic, severe anemia
hyperparathyroidism
acromegaly
osteopetrosis
hyperostosis frontalis interna
long-term phenytoin use
g...