Items tagged “stub”
1,317 results
Article
Eye movements
Eye movements are a complex set of movements of the globe that are performed by the extraocular muscles. Although each of the muscles have different primary actions on the eye, they rarely act alone and most eye movements involve a combination of synergistic and antagonistic muscles 1.
Abductio...
Article
Ocular abductors
The ocular abductors are the extra-ocular muscles responsible for abduction of the globe:
lateral rectus (primary function)
superior oblique (tertiary function)
inferior oblique (tertiary function)
Article
Ocular elevators
The ocular elevators are the extra-ocular muscles responsible for elevation of the globe:
superior rectus (primary function)
inferior oblique (secondary function)
Article
Ocular internal rotators
The ocular internal (medial) rotators are the extra-ocular muscles responsible for internal rotation (intorsion) of the globe:
superior oblique (primary function)
superior rectus (secondary function)
Article
Ocular external rotators
The ocular external (lateral) rotators are the extra-ocular muscles responsible for external rotation (extorsion) of the globe:
inferior oblique (primary function)
inferior rectus (secondary function)
Article
Superior oblique muscle
The superior oblique muscle is one of the six extraocular muscles that control eye movements. It abducts, depresses and internally rotates the eye.
Summary
innervation: trochlear nerve (CN IV)
origin: lesser wing of sphenoid bone adjacent to the annulus of Zinn
course: tendon passes through ...
Article
Sublingual gland
The sublingual glands are the smallest of the three paired major salivary glands that lie in the sublingual space on the floor of the mouth, anterior to the submandibular glands. They secrete predominantly mucous saliva that is drained by numerous ducts, collectively termed the minor sublingual ...
Article
Benign minor salivary gland pathology
Benign minor salivary gland pathology is a broad term that encompasses a number of relatively uncommon pathologies that affect the minor salivary glands of the head and neck:
salivary retention cysts
benign neoplasms
pleomorphic adenoma
Article
Middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle
The middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle is one of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles. Its primary action is constricting of the pharynx (in coordination with the superior pharyngeal constrictor and the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles) to deliver a bolus of food into the oesophagus.
Sum...
Article
Sclerotic bone metastases
Sclerotic or osteoblastic bone metastases are distant tumour deposits of a primary tumour within bone characterised by new bone deposition or new bone formation.
Epidemiology
Bone metastases are the most common bone malignancy, with sclerotic bone metastases being less common than lytic bone m...
Article
Large joint dislocation
Large joint dislocations are a frequent presentation to emergency departments. Described in descending order of commonality:
shoulder dislocation
elbow dislocation
posterior dislocation of the hip
knee dislocation
Article
Scutum
The scutum (plural: scuta) is a sharp bony spur that is formed by the superior wall of the external auditory canal and the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity. It forms the lateral margin of Prussak space.
Related pathology
acquired cholesteatoma: it is usually the first bony structure to be e...
Article
Pars tensa
The pars tensa (plural: partes tensae) is the tense portion of the tympanic membrane and refers to the main portion of the membrane.
It extends from the anterior and posterior malleolar folds at the level of the lateral process of malleus to the inferior extent of the tympanic membrane at its a...
Article
Pars flaccida
The pars flaccida (plural: partes flaccidae), also known as Shrapnell's membrane, is the flaccid portion of the tympanic membrane and represents a small portion of the membrane. It lies superior to the anterior and posterior malleolar folds. When compared to pars tensa, the middle fibrous layer ...
Article
Mitral valve calcification
Mitral valve calcification can refer to 1
mitral annular calcification (MAC)
mitral valve leaflet calcification (MVL)
caseous calcification of the mitral annulus
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Ependymoma vs astrocytoma of the spinal cord
A number of factors are useful when differentiating between spinal cord ependymoma and spinal cord astrocytoma.
Ependymoma
child or adult
more central in location
well-defined lesion
bone remodelling is common
low T1 signal
well-defined enhancement
syrinx is more common
haemorrhage is ...
Article
Varicella zoster virus encephalitis
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) encephalitis can be due to either an immune reaction to primary infection or reactivation of latent infection in cranial nerve or dorsal root ganglia following childhood chickenpox 1.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is often made with a combination of serum blood tests, cerebr...
Article
Paraphysis elements
The so-called paraphysis elements are embryonic structures which appears like a thin strand between telencephalon and the anterior portions of diencephalon 1. It is believed to be the structure which results in colloid cysts of the third ventricle.
Article
Absent patella
An absent patella is a rare finding and can be found with an equally rare set of associations:
surgical removal of patella (patellectomy)
nail patella syndrome 2
popliteal pterygium syndrome
proximal focal femoral deficiency (PFFD)
Meier-Gorlin syndrome 3
Article
Neurocytoma
Neurocytomas are WHO grade 2 primary CNS neoplasms that derive from neural cells. There are two main types:
intraventricular neurocytoma
much more common
called a central neurocytoma when located centrally within the lateral ventricles
extraventricular neurocytoma 1
Both types tend to have ...
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