Apical cap
Updates to Article Attributes
Body
was changed:
Apical pleural cap refers to a curved density at the lung apex seen on chest radiograph.
Epidemiology
The frequency of apical pleural thickening increases with age 3.
Pathology
It arises from a number of causes:
-
pleural thickening/scarring
- idiopathic: chronic ischaemic aetiology is favoured for most cases 4
- secondary to previous apical infection: typically pulmonary tuberculosis
- radiation fibrosis
- pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis
- may be present in up to 10% of radiographs 2
- Pancoast tumour
- haematoma
- thoracic aortic injury
- upper thoracic spine injury
- fractured
first1st rib
- lymphoma: extending from neck/mediastinum
- abscess within the neck/mediastinum
- +<li><a title="Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis" href="/articles/pleuroparenchymal-fibroelastosis">pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis</a></li>
-<li>fractured first rib</li>- +<li>fractured 1<sup>st </sup>rib</li>
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