Apical cap
Updates to Article Attributes
Body
was changed:
Apical pleural cap refers to a curved density at the lung apex seen on chest radiograph.
Epidemiology
The frequency of apical pleural thickening increases with age 3.
Pathology
It arises from a number of causes:
-
pleural thickening/scarring
- idiopathic: chronic ischaemic aetiology is favoured for most cases 4
- secondary to previous apical infection: typically pulmonary tuberculosis
- radiation fibrosis
- pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis
- may be present in up to 10% of radiographs 2
- Pancoast tumour
- haematoma
- thoracic aortic injury5
- upper thoracic spine injury
- fractured 1st rib
- lymphoma: extending from neck/mediastinum
- abscess within the neck/mediastinum
-<li><a title="Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis" href="/articles/pleuroparenchymal-fibroelastosis">pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis</a></li>- +<li><a href="/articles/pleuroparenchymal-fibroelastosis">pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis</a></li>
-<li><a href="/articles/thoracic-aortic-injury">thoracic aortic injury</a></li>- +<li>
- +<a href="/articles/thoracic-aortic-injury">thoracic aortic injury</a> <sup>5</sup>
- +</li>
References changed:
- 5. Simeone JF, Minagi H, Putman CE. Traumatic disruption of the thoracic aorta: significance of the left apical extrapleural cap. (1975) Radiology. 117 (2): 265-8. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1148/117.2.265">doi:10.1148/117.2.265</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1178850">Pubmed</a> <span class="ref_v4"></span>
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