Apical cap

Changed by Yuranga Weerakkody, 22 Oct 2014

Updates to Synonym Attributes

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Apical pleural cap refers to a curved density at lung apex seen on chest radiograph.

The frequency of apical pleural thickening increases with age³.

It has ~~relatively narrow differential diagnosis:~~arising from number of causes

pleural thickening/scarring
- secondary to previous apical infection: typically pulmonary tuberculosis
- radiation fibrosis
- may be present in upto 10% of radiographs ²
Pancoast tumour
haematoma
- thoracic aortic injury
- upper thoracic spine injury
- fractured first rib
lymphoma: extending from neck or mediastinum
abscess within the neck/mediastinum

~~-<p><strong>Apical pleural cap</strong> refers to a curved density at lung apex seen on chest radiograph. It has relatively narrow differential diagnosis:</p><ul>~~
+<p><strong>Apical pleural cap</strong> refers to a curved density at lung apex seen on chest radiograph.</p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>The frequency of apical pleural thickening increases with age<sup> 3</sup>.</p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>It has arising from number of causes</p><ul>
+<li>idiopathic: often a chronic ischaemic aetiology is favoured for most cases<sup> 4</sup>
+</li>

References changed:

3. Light RW. Pleural Diseases. LWW. ISBN:145117599X. <a href="http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN145117599X">Read it at Google Books</a> - <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/145117599X">Find it at Amazon</a><span class="auto"></span>
4. Yousem S. Pulmonary Apical Cap. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001;25(5):679-83. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/00000478-200105000-00018">doi:10.1097/00000478-200105000-00018</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11342783">Pubmed</a>

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