Disc herniation

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Disc herniation refers to the displacement of intervertebral disc material beyond the normal confines of the disc but involving less than 25% of the circumference (to distinguish it from a disc bulge). A herniation may contain nucleus pulposus, vertebral endplate cartilage, apophyseal bone~~/osteophyte~~/osteophyte and annulus fibrosus.

Disc herniations can be divided into groups in a variety of ways. Commonly they are divided into protrusion vs extrusion:

protrusion
- base wider than herniation
- confined to disc level
- outer annular fibres intact
extrusion
- base (a.k.a. neck) narrower than herniation 'dome'
- may extend above or below endplates or adjacent vertebrae
- complete annular tear with passage of nuclear material beyond disc annulus
- disc material can then migrate away from annulus or become sequestered

Herniations can further be classified as:

contained
- with intact outer fibres of annulus fibrosus and posterior longitudinal ligament, or
- with intact posterior longitudinal ligament alone
not contained
- tear of outer fibres of annulus fibrosus and posterior longitudinal ligament

-Disc herniation refers to the displacement of <a href="/articles/intervertebral-disc">intervertebral disc</a> material beyond the normal confines of the disc but involving less than 25% of the circumference (to distinguish it from a <a href="/articles/disc-bulge">disc bulge</a>). A herniation may contain <a href="/articles/nucleus-pulposus">nucleus pulposus</a>, <a href="/articles/vertebral-endplate">vertebral endplate</a> cartilage, apophyseal bone/osteophyte and <a href="/articles/annulus-fibrosus">annulus fibrosus</a>. Disc herniations can be divided into groups in a variety of ways. Commonly they are divided into protrusion vs extrusion: <ul>
+Disc herniation refers to the displacement of <a href="/articles/intervertebral-disc">intervertebral disc</a> material beyond the normal confines of the disc but involving less than 25% of the circumference (to distinguish it from a <a href="/articles/disc-bulge">disc bulge</a>). A herniation may contain <a href="/articles/nucleus-pulposus">nucleus pulposus</a>, <a href="/articles/vertebral-endplate">vertebral endplate</a> cartilage, apophyseal bone/<a title="Osteophytes" href="/articles/osteophytes">osteophyte</a> and <a href="/articles/annulus-fibrosus">annulus fibrosus</a>. Disc herniations can be divided into groups in a variety of ways. Commonly they are divided into protrusion vs extrusion: <ul>

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Disc herniation

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