Sacrococcygeal teratoma
Updates to Article Attributes
Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) refers to a teratoma arising in the sacrococcygeal region. The coccyx is almost always involved 6.
Epidemiology
It is the commonest congenital tumour in fetus 11 and neonate 3. The incidence is estimated at ~1:35000-40000. There is recognised female predilection with a M:F ratio of 1:4. The sacrococcygeal region is the commonest location for non-CNS teratomas.
Clinical presentation
Presentation varies depending on if a tumour has an intrapelvic location or has an extra-fetal extension (see further classification below). Intrapelvic tumours can manifest after birth with genitourinary and gastrointestinal symptoms given the compression of those structures.
Pathology
They are thought to arise from totipotent cells from the node of Hensen 1,3 at the anterior aspect of the coccyx by about the 2nd to 3rd weeks of gestation. They are most often mixed solid/cystic, although purely cystic types can occur in ~15% of cases.
A tumour is composed of all three germ cells (i.e. ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm).
Genetics
most cases tend to be sporadic 12
Associations
Markers
Can have elevated levels of:
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
beta HCG
Classification
A pathology-based classification is as:
benign (mature): much more common, comprising ~ 60-70%
malignant (immature)
A location-based classification system according to the American Academy of Paediatric Surgery Section Survey is:
type I: developing only outside the fetus (can have small pre-sacral component); accounts for the majority of cases, 47% 12
type II: extra-fetal with intrapelvic presacral extension
type III: extra-fetal with extension through the pelvis into the abdomen
type IV: tumour developing entirely in the fetal pelvis
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
may show a large mass projecting from the lower pelvic region or within the abdominopelvic cavity
may show calcification
CT
Not part of a routine investigation. Identifies bone, fat and cystic components. Calcification may again be seen.
Ultrasound
Mature types tend to be more cystic which show as anechoic components. Solid types (which are much rarer) often show an echogenic mass within the pelvis.
The correlation between sonographic appearances and malignant components are thought to be poor 7.
Colour Doppler interrogation in some tumours may show marked hypervascularity with arteriovenous (AV) shunting.
MRI
Superior to ultrasound especially in the assessment of the following areas 2:
colonic displacement
ureteric dilatation
associated hip dislocation
intraspinal extension
vaginal dilatation
metastatic assessment in malignant lesions
Signal characteristics can significantly vary depending on the constituent of the teratoma 1.
T1: fat components appear high signal, calcific/bony components low signal
T2: fluid (cystic) components appear high signal, calcific bony components low signal
T2* GRE: magnetic susceptibility artefact because of calcifications
T1 C+ (Gd): enhancing solid components
Treatment and prognosis
An SCTA sacrococcygeal teratoma can be benign or malignant depending on whether mature or immature. The majority, however, tend to be benign (~80% 11). Those presenting in older infants tend to have a higher malignant potential which those presenting in utero have a poor prognosis due to complications. Malignant change may be also commoner in males. Treatment is with surgical excision inclusive of coccygectomy with additional chemotherapy for malignant tumours 5.
Complications
high output cardiac failure from AV shunting: which in turn can cause hydrops fetalis
ureteric obstruction
gastrointestinal tract obstruction
compression of underlying nerves: giving urinary/faecal incontinence
anaemia
tumour rupture
Differential diagnosis
General imaging differential considerations include:
terminal myelocystocoele: for cystic types on ultrasound 9
For type IV lesions also consider:
low-lying neuroblastoma
low-lying rhabdomyosarcoma
small round blue cell tumour in the sacral region
enteric (tailgut) cyst: for a purely cystic SCT
-<p><strong>Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT)</strong> refers to a <a href="/articles/teratoma">teratoma</a> arising in the sacrococcygeal region. The coccyx is almost always involved <sup>6</sup>.</p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>It is the commonest congenital tumour in fetus<sup> 11</sup> and neonate <sup>3</sup>. The incidence is estimated at ~1:35000-40000. There is recognised female predilection with a M:F ratio of 1:4. The sacrococcygeal region is the commonest location for non-CNS teratomas.</p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>Presentation varies depending on if a tumour has an intrapelvic location or has an extra-fetal extension (see further classification below). Intrapelvic tumours can manifest after birth with genitourinary and gastrointestinal symptoms given the compression of those structures. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>They are thought to arise from totipotent cells from the <a href="/articles/node-of-hensen">node of Hensen</a> <sup>1,3 </sup>at the anterior aspect of the coccyx by about the 2<sup>nd</sup> to 3<sup>rd</sup> weeks of gestation. They are most often mixed solid/cystic, although purely cystic types can occur in ~15% of cases.</p><p>A tumour is composed of all three germ cells (i.e. ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm).</p><h5>Genetics</h5><ul><li>most cases tend to be sporadic <sup>12</sup>-</li></ul><h5>Associations</h5><ul>-<li><a href="/articles/myelomeningocele-1">myelomeningocele</a></li>-<li><a href="/articles/vertebral-anomalies">vertebral anomalies</a></li>- +<p><strong>Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT)</strong> refers to a <a href="/articles/teratoma-1">teratoma</a> arising in the sacrococcygeal region. The coccyx is almost always involved <sup>6</sup>.</p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>It is the commonest congenital tumour in fetus<sup> 11</sup> and neonate <sup>3</sup>. The incidence is estimated at ~1:35000-40000. There is recognised female predilection with a M:F ratio of 1:4. The sacrococcygeal region is the commonest location for non-CNS teratomas.</p><h4>Clinical presentation</h4><p>Presentation varies depending on if a tumour has an intrapelvic location or has an extra-fetal extension (see further classification below). Intrapelvic tumours can manifest after birth with genitourinary and gastrointestinal symptoms given the compression of those structures. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>They are thought to arise from totipotent cells from the <a href="/articles/node-of-hensen">node of Hensen</a> <sup>1,3 </sup>at the anterior aspect of the coccyx by about the 2<sup>nd</sup> to 3<sup>rd</sup> weeks of gestation. They are most often mixed solid/cystic, although purely cystic types can occur in ~15% of cases.</p><p>A tumour is composed of all three germ cells (i.e. ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm).</p><h5>Genetics</h5><ul><li><p>most cases tend to be sporadic <sup>12</sup></p></li></ul><h5>Associations</h5><ul>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/myelomeningocele-1">myelomeningocele</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/vertebral-anomalies">vertebral anomalies</a></p></li>
-<li>alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)</li>-<li>beta HCG</li>- +<li><p>alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)</p></li>
- +<li><p>beta HCG</p></li>
-<li>benign (mature): much more common, comprising ~ 60-70%</li>-<li>malignant (immature)</li>- +<li><p>benign (mature): much more common, comprising ~ 60-70%</p></li>
- +<li><p>malignant (immature)</p></li>
-<li>-<strong>type I:</strong> developing only outside the fetus (can have small pre-sacral component); accounts for the majority of cases, 47% <sup>12</sup>-</li>-<li>-<strong>type II:</strong> extra-fetal with intrapelvic presacral extension</li>-<li>-<strong>type III:</strong> extra-fetal with extension through the pelvis into the abdomen</li>-<li>-<strong>type IV:</strong> tumour developing entirely in the fetal pelvis</li>- +<li><p><strong>type I:</strong> developing only outside the fetus (can have small pre-sacral component); accounts for the majority of cases, 47% <sup>12</sup></p></li>
- +<li><p><strong>type II:</strong> extra-fetal with intrapelvic presacral extension</p></li>
- +<li><p><strong>type III:</strong> extra-fetal with extension through the pelvis into the abdomen</p></li>
- +<li><p><strong>type IV:</strong> tumour developing entirely in the fetal pelvis</p></li>
-<li>may show a large mass projecting from the lower pelvic region or within the abdominopelvic cavity</li>-<li>may show calcification</li>- +<li><p>may show a large mass projecting from the lower pelvic region or within the abdominopelvic cavity</p></li>
- +<li><p>may show calcification</p></li>
-<li>colonic displacement</li>-<li>ureteric dilatation</li>-<li>associated hip dislocation</li>-<li>intraspinal extension</li>-<li>vaginal dilatation</li>-<li>metastatic assessment in malignant lesions</li>- +<li><p>colonic displacement</p></li>
- +<li><p>ureteric dilatation</p></li>
- +<li><p>associated hip dislocation</p></li>
- +<li><p>intraspinal extension</p></li>
- +<li><p>vaginal dilatation</p></li>
- +<li><p>metastatic assessment in malignant lesions</p></li>
-<li>-<strong>T1:</strong> fat components appear high signal, calcific/bony components low signal</li>-<li>-<strong>T2:</strong> fluid (cystic) components appear high signal, calcific bony components low signal</li>-<li>-<strong>T2* GRE:</strong> magnetic susceptibility artefact because of calcifications</li>-<li>-<strong>T1 C+ (Gd):</strong> enhancing solid components</li>-</ul><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>An SCT can be benign or malignant depending on whether mature or immature. The majority, however, tend to be benign (~80% <sup>11</sup>). Those presenting in older infants tend to have a higher malignant potential which those presenting in utero have a poor prognosis due to complications. Malignant change may be also commoner in males. Treatment is with surgical excision inclusive of coccygectomy with additional chemotherapy for malignant tumours <sup>5</sup>.</p><h5>Complications</h5><ul>-<li>-<a href="/articles/high-output-cardiac-failure">high output cardiac failure</a> from AV shunting: which in turn can cause <a href="/articles/hydrops-fetalis">hydrops fetalis</a>-</li>-<li>ureteric obstruction</li>-<li>gastrointestinal tract obstruction</li>-<li>compression of underlying nerves: giving urinary/faecal incontinence</li>-<li>anaemia</li>-<li><a href="/articles/dystocia">dystocia</a></li>-<li>tumour rupture</li>- +<li><p><strong>T1:</strong> fat components appear high signal, calcific/bony components low signal</p></li>
- +<li><p><strong>T2:</strong> fluid (cystic) components appear high signal, calcific bony components low signal</p></li>
- +<li><p><strong>T2* GRE:</strong> magnetic susceptibility artefact because of calcifications</p></li>
- +<li><p><strong>T1 C+ (Gd):</strong> enhancing solid components</p></li>
- +</ul><h4>Treatment and prognosis</h4><p>A sacrococcygeal teratoma can be benign or malignant depending on whether mature or immature. The majority, however, tend to be benign (~80% <sup>11</sup>). Those presenting in older infants tend to have a higher malignant potential which those presenting in utero have a poor prognosis due to complications. Malignant change may be also commoner in males. Treatment is with surgical excision inclusive of coccygectomy with additional chemotherapy for malignant tumours <sup>5</sup>.</p><h5>Complications</h5><ul>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/high-output-cardiac-failure">high output cardiac failure</a> from AV shunting: which in turn can cause <a href="/articles/hydrops-fetalis">hydrops fetalis</a></p></li>
- +<li><p>ureteric obstruction</p></li>
- +<li><p>gastrointestinal tract obstruction</p></li>
- +<li><p>compression of underlying nerves: giving urinary/faecal incontinence</p></li>
- +<li><p>anaemia</p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/dystocia">dystocia</a></p></li>
- +<li><p>tumour rupture</p></li>
-<li><a href="/articles/sacral-chordoma">sacral chordoma</a></li>-<li>-<a href="/articles/terminal-myelocystocoele">terminal myelocystocoele</a>: for cystic types on ultrasound <sup>9</sup>-</li>-<li><a href="/articles/sacral-meningocoele">sacral meningocele</a></li>-<li><a href="/articles/sacral-hemagioma">sacral haemangioma</a></li>- +<li><p><a href="/articles/sacral-chordoma">sacral chordoma</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/terminal-myelocystocoele">terminal myelocystocoele</a>: for cystic types on ultrasound <sup>9</sup></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/sacral-meningocoele">sacral meningocele</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/sacral-hemagioma">sacral haemangioma</a></p></li>
-<li>low-lying <a href="/articles/neuroblastoma">neuroblastoma</a>-</li>-<li>low-lying <a href="/articles/rhabdomyosarcoma">rhabdomyosarcoma</a>-</li>-<li>-<a href="/articles/small-round-blue-cell-tumours">small round blue cell tumour</a> in the sacral region</li>-<li>-<a href="/articles/enteric-tail-gut-cyst">enteric (tailgut) cyst</a>: for a purely cystic SCT</li>- +<li><p>low-lying <a href="/articles/neuroblastoma">neuroblastoma</a></p></li>
- +<li><p>low-lying <a href="/articles/rhabdomyosarcoma">rhabdomyosarcoma</a></p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/small-round-blue-cell-tumours">small round blue cell tumour</a> in the sacral region</p></li>
- +<li><p><a href="/articles/enteric-tail-gut-cyst">enteric (tailgut) cyst</a>: for a purely cystic SCT</p></li>