Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,920 results
Article
Left hemicolectomy
Left hemicolectomy is a surgical procedure in which splenic flexure, descending colon, and a portion of the sigmoid colon are removed for radical treatment of various pathologies affecting the descending colon.
Indications
colon cancer
inflammatory bowel disease
isolated left diverticular di...
Article
Pseudomyxoma peritonei
Pseudomyxoma peritonei refers to a syndrome of progressive intraperitoneal accumulation of mucinous ascites related to a mucin-producing neoplasm. It is most commonly caused by a mucinous tumor of the appendix 10.
Much less commonly, mucinous tumors of the colon, rectum, stomach, pancreas, and ...
Article
Poland syndrome
Poland syndrome refers to a congenital unilateral absence of the pectoralis major and minor muscles and is a recognized cause of unilateral hyperlucent hemithorax.
Epidemiology
Poland syndrome is usually sporadic, although rare familial cases have been described 1. It is rare, with an estimat...
Article
Emphysematous cystitis
Emphysematous cystitis refers to a gas-forming infection of the bladder wall.
Epidemiology
The condition is rare and usually confined to certain patient subgroups. Median age affected is 66 years. More common in women, 2:1 F:M 9.
Risk factors
Risk factors include:
diabetes mellitus
conside...
Article
Emphysematous pyelonephritis
Emphysematous pyelonephritis (plural: emphysematous pyelonephritides) refers to a morbid infection with particular gas formation within or around the kidneys. If not treated early, it may lead to fulminant sepsis and, therefore, carries a high mortality.
Clinical presentation
The patient usual...
Article
Esophagopleural fistula
Esophagopleural fistulas are abnormal connections between the esophagus and pleura.
Pathology
They can arise from a number of underlying pathologies which can result in an esophageal rupture 3:
post surgical
endoscopic procedures
post esophageal dilatation
secondary to tumor, e.g. esophag...
Article
Broncho-esophageal fistula
A bronch-esophageal fistula (BOF) refers to an abnormal communication between a bronchus and the esophagus.
For congenital fistulas, please refer to the article on congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula.
Clinical presentation
A small proportion of patient with congenital forms may present in a...
Article
Traumatic spinal cord injury
Traumatic spinal cord injury can manifest as a wide variety of clinical syndromes resulting from damage to the spinal cord or its surrounding structures. It can result from minor injury if the spine is weakened from disease such as ankylosing spondylitis or if there is pre-existing spinal stenos...
Article
Ectopic ureter
An ectopic ureter is a congenital renal anomaly that occurs as a result of abnormal caudal migration of the ureteral bud during its insertion to the urinary bladder. Normally the ureter drains via the internal ureteral orifice at the trigone of the urinary bladder.
In females, the most common ...
Article
Canal-to-body ratio of Torg and Pavlov
The canal-to-body ratio of Torg and Pavlov is a method of evaluating the degree of cervical canal stenosis on lateral cervical spine radiographs.
Terminology
This ratio is variously referred to as the Torg ratio 3, the Pavlov ratio 3,4, the Torg-Pavlov ratio 5, or the canal-to-body ratio 3.
M...
Article
Large language models
Large language models are advanced artificial intelligence systems designed to understand and generate human-like text. These models are built using deep learning techniques and are trained on vast amounts of text data, such as books, articles, and websites. Large language models utilize algorit...
Article
Autoimmune glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy
Autoimmune glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy, or simply GFAP astrocytopathy, is a rare inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorder.
Epidemiology
Given the rarity of the condition, epidemiological data pertaining to autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy are not well establishe...
Article
Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS)
Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS) is an uncommon disorder characterized by infiltration of the brain by inflammatory cells. It has a predilection for the pons, with fairly characteristic curvilinear regions of enhancement bes...
Article
Tissue weighting factor
The tissue weighting factor (WT) is a relative measure of the risk of stochastic effects that might result from irradiation of that specific tissue. It accounts for the variable radiosensitivities of organs and tissues in the body to ionizing radiation.
To calculate the effective dose, the indi...
Article
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, also known as purpura fulminans 9 or hemorrhagic adrenalitis 10, is characterized by adrenal insufficiency that results from atraumatic adrenal hemorrhage in consequence of septicemia.
Pathology
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome is due to septicemia and common...
Article
Urethral diverticulum
Urethral diverticula, or urethroceles, are focal outpouchings of the urethra. They should not be confused with a ureterocele of the distal ureter.
Epidemiology
Urethral diverticula occur far more frequently in women than in men and are estimated to occur in 1-6% of women, especially those with...
Article
Gadopiclenol
Gadopiclenol (also known by its brand names Elucirem or Vueway) is an extracellular intravenous gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) used in magnetic resonance imaging, introduced in 2022.
macrocyclic, non-ionic molecule
100% renally excreted
T1 relaxivity: 12.8 mM·s at 1.5 T and 11.6 mM·s ...
Article
WHO classification of haematolymphoid tumors
The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of haematolymphoid tumors is the most widely used pathologic classification system for hematopoietic and lymphoid neoplasms. The 5th edition 1 was published in 2022 and supersedes the 4th edition revised published in 2016.
Classification
Myelo...
Article
Fleischner Society pulmonary nodule recommendations
The Fleischner Society pulmonary nodule recommendations pertain to the follow-up and management of indeterminate pulmonary nodules detected incidentally on CT and are published by the Fleischner Society. The guideline does not apply to lung cancer screening, patients younger than 35 years, or pa...
Article
Gamma nail
The gamma nail or trochanteric nail is an osteosynthetic implant designed to treat proximal femoral fractures in the trochanter area with a closed intramedullary fixation method.
The gamma nail consists of a funnel-shaped intramedullary nail with slight bending to reflect proximal femoral diaph...
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