Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,936 results
Article
Calcaneus
The calcaneus, also referred to as the calcaneum, (plural: calcanei or calcanea) is the largest tarsal bone and the major bone in the hindfoot. It articulates with the talus superiorly and the cuboid anteriorly and shares a joint space with the talonavicular joint, appropriately called the taloc...
Article
Caroli disease
Caroli disease and Caroli syndrome are congenital disorders comprising of multifocal cystic dilatation of segmental intrahepatic bile ducts. However, some series show that extrahepatic duct involvement may exist. They are also classified as a type V choledochal cyst, according to the Todani clas...
Article
Brachial plexus
The brachial plexus is a complex neural network formed by lower cervical and upper thoracic ventral nerve roots which supplies motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb and pectoral girdle. It is located in the neck extending into the axilla posterior to the clavicle.
Summary
origin: ven...
Article
Scapholunate dissociation
Scapholunate dissociation, also known as rotary subluxation of the scaphoid, refers to an abnormal orientation of the scaphoid relative to the lunate and implies severe injury to the scapholunate interosseous ligament and other stabilizing ligaments.
Carpal dissociation implies carpal instabili...
Article
Thymus
The thymus (plural: thymi) is a lymphoid organ in the anterior mediastinum responsible for the production and maturation of T-cells until puberty. It is a vital component of the immune system and plays a role in prevention of cancer 12, infection and autoimmunity 11.
Gross anatomy
It is relati...
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Sciatic neuropathy
Sciatic neuropathy can be the result of nerve compression or traction injury of the sciatic nerve which might occur at several levels along its course. The peroneal division of the nerve is more commonly affected than the tibial division due to the more superficial location and two different fix...
Article
Complications of total hip arthroplasty
Complications of total hip arthroplasty are common and the radiologist needs to be aware of them in the assessment of radiographs of total hip replacements. Complications are many and can occur at various time intervals following the initial surgery:
aseptic loosening: considered to be the most...
Article
Acute necrotic collection
Acute necrotic collections (ANCs) are an early, local complication of necrotizing pancreatitis.
Terminology
The following are the latest terms according to the updated Atlanta classification to describe fluid collections associated with acute pancreatitis 1,2:
fluid collections in interstitia...
Article
Necrotizing pancreatitis
Necrotizing pancreatitis represents a severe form of acute pancreatitis. It is considered a subtype of acute pancreatitis as necrosis usually tends to occur early, within the first 24-48 hours, but can also rarely occur with subacute forms.
A key feature is a significant amount of pancreatic an...
Article
Esophageal varix
Esophageal varices describe dilated submucosal veins of the esophagus, and are an important portosystemic collateral pathway. They are considered distinct from gastric varices, which are less common.
Epidemiology
Esophageal varices are present in ~50% of patients with portal hypertension 1,2. ...
Article
Cervical spine (PA oblique view)
The PA oblique cervical spine projections are supplementary views to the standard AP, odontoid and lateral images in the cervical spine series and are always done bilaterally for comparison purposes. The PA oblique projection is preferred as it reduces radiation dose to the thyroid 1, compared t...
Article
Bronchial artery collateral inflow artifact
Bronchial artery collateral inflow artifact is a flow-related artifact, seen as pulmonary artery smoke in patients with a background of bronchiectasis and chronic lung disease. It is often overdiagnosed as pulmonary embolism and requires CT aortic angiogram to be confirmed 1.
Pathology
Bronchi...
Article
Vesicovaginal reflux
Vesicovaginal reflux is a well-known entity rarely encountered by radiologists. It is a behavioral disorder, a type of dysfunctional elimination syndrome commonly encountered in pre-pubertal girls. It is defined as reflux of urine into the vaginal vault either in supine or upright position durin...
Article
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is a syndrome with signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure but where a causative mass or hydrocephalus is not identified.
Terminology
The older term benign intracranial hypertension is generally frowne...
Article
Transverse sinus stenosis
Transverse sinus stenosis, or lateral sinus stenosis, describes reduction in the caliber of the transverse sinus. Although potentially seen in a number of contexts, including within the asymptomatic general population incidentally, transverse sinus stenosis is an important finding in patients wi...
Article
Corticobasal degeneration
Corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is an uncommon neurodegenerative disease and is one of the subset of tauopathies.
Terminology
Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) represents the clinical syndrome that is diagnosed clinically, while corticobasal degeneration is only reserved for the subset of cases that...
Article
Cerebral amyloidoma
Cerebral amyloidomas are the rarest manifestation of cerebral amyloid deposition, typically appearing as solidly enhancing masses.
Epidemiology
Reported numbers are low due to the rarity of this condition, making generalizations about epidemiological features difficult. Generally, cases have ...
Article
Gray (SI unit)
The gray (symbol Gy) is the SI unit of absorbed dose and is defined as the absorption of one joule of energy in the form of ionizing radiation per kilogram of matter, i.e. one gray = 1 J/kg 2.
Terminology
One gray is a large unit and is usually used with a prefix, e.g. milligray (mGy), microgr...
Article
Rectal cancer (staging)
Staging of rectal cancer uses the TNM staging system and strongly predicts the success, and rate, of local recurrence following rectal cancer resection. MRI is the modality of choice for the staging of rectal cancer, to guide surgical and non-surgical management options. MRI is used at diagnosis...
Article
Posterior cruciate ligament
The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is one of the two cruciate ligaments that stabilize the knee joint.
Gross anatomy
The posterior cruciate ligament arises from the lateral surface of the medial femoral condyle and inserts onto the posterior lateral intercondylar surface of the tibial plat...
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