Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,909 results found
Article
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET), also known as endocrine tumors of the pancreas, arise from pancreatic ductal stem cells and include some distinct tumors that match the cell type of origin.
Terminology
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors have commonly been referred to as "islet cell tumo...
Article
Insulinoma
Insulinomas are the most common sporadic endocrine tumor of the pancreas.
On imaging, they usually present as small well-defined hypervascular tumors that may be found anywhere in the pancreas.
Epidemiology
Account for 40% of syndromic pancreatic endocrine tumors. The overall incidence is of...
Article
Parotid gland tumors
Parotid gland tumors include a variety of benign and malignant entities that are also found in other salivary glands (see salivary gland tumors). The frequency of different tumors varies considerably among the salivary glands with the parotid gland hosting the majority of all salivary gland tumo...
Article
Osteoma
Osteomas are benign bone tumors that most commonly occur in the head. When occurring in the medullary cavity osteomas are called bone islands 5.
Terminology
Osteoma is the preferred terminology with ivory exostosis, parosteal osteoma, and maxillary/mandibular torus not recommended per the WHO ...
Article
Bone island
Bone islands, previously known as enostoses, are common benign sclerotic bone lesions that usually represent an incidental finding. When occurring in the head they are called osteomas. Bone islands are considered one of the skeletal “don’t touch” lesions.
Terminology
Enostosis is not a recomme...
Article
Retroperitoneal hydatid infection
Retroperitoneal hydatid infection refers to the presence of hydatid cyst in the retroperitoneal region of the abdomen.
For a general discussion, and for links to other system specific manifestations, please refer to the article on hydatid disease.
Pathology
It is generally seen secondary to ...
Article
Hydatid disease
Hydatid cysts result from infection by the Echinococcus tapeworm species and can result in cyst formation anywhere in the body.
Epidemiology
Cystic echinococcosis has a worldwide geographical distribution. The Mediterranean basin is an important endemic area 6,7.
Pathology
Two main species o...
Article
Transverse sinus stenosis
Transverse sinus stenosis, or lateral sinus stenosis, describes reduction in the caliber of the transverse sinus. Although potentially seen in a number of contexts, including within the asymptomatic general population incidentally, transverse sinus stenosis is an important finding in patients wi...
Article
Transverse sinus
The paired left and right transverse sinuses, or lateral sinuses, are major dural venous sinuses and arise from the confluence of the superior sagittal, occipital and straight sinuses at the torcular herophili (confluence of sinuses).
On each side, the transverse sinus then runs in the lateral ...
Article
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), also known as pseudotumor cerebri, is a syndrome with signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure but where a causative mass or hydrocephalus is not identified.
Terminology
The older term benign intracranial hypertension is generally frowne...
Article
Enuclation
Enucleation of the eye describes the surgical removal of the entire globe with the separation of all connections to the orbit, including optic nerve transection. Alternatives such as evisceration or exenteration can be considered according to the underlying diagnosis and disease.
Rarely, auto-e...
Article
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy is a relatively new treatment for certain cancers which result in immune system-mediated destruction of tumor cells.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors act through a unique mechanism of action when compared with those of conventional chemotherapeutic agents. They c...
Article
Bladder outlet obstruction
Bladder outlet obstruction can arise from a number of conditions affecting the urethra and/or bladder outlet but is most commonly encountered in elderly men due to prostate enlargement.
Clinical presentation
Patients often present with difficulty in urination, retention, and urinary discomfor...
Article
Pine cone bladder
A pine cone bladder or Christmas tree bladder is a cystographic appearance in which the bladder is elongated and pointed with a thickened, trabeculated wall. It is typically seen in severe neurogenic bladder with increased sphincter tone (detrusor sphincter dyssynergia) due to suprasacral lesion...
Article
Acute gastritis
Acute gastritis is a broad term that encompasses a myriad of causes of gastric mucosal inflammation.
Epidemiology
It depends on the etiology (see below).
Clinical presentation
asymptomatic
epigastric pain/tenderness
nausea and vomiting
loss of appetite
Pathology
Etiology
infection: H....
Article
Peptic ulcer disease
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) encompasses a number of entities, united by the presence of mucosal ulceration secondary to the effects of gastric acid. Since the recognition of Helicobacter pylori as a common causative agent and the development of powerful anti-acid medications, peptic ulcer disease...
Article
Carotid body
The carotid body is located within the neck, and in close proximity to the carotid bifurcation. It is composed of a number of chemoreceptor cells and supporting matrix and detects changes in the composition of blood in the common carotid as it forms the internal and external carotid arteries.
I...
Article
Mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia and epilepsy (MOGHE)
Mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia and epilepsy (MOGHE) is a histopathological entity primarily associated with drug-resistant frontal lobe epilepsy. MOGHE is characterized by a distinct histological phenotype that includes blurred gray-white matter bound...
Article
Central retinal artery occlusion
Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is a cause of inner retinal infarction and profound, monocular vision loss, most commonly caused by embolic occlusion of the central retinal artery. It is often considered to be the ocular/retinal equivalent to cerebral ischemic stroke.
Clinical presentat...
Article
Acute spinal cord ischemia syndrome
Acute spinal cord ischemia syndrome, also known as acute spinal cord infarction, is uncommon, but usually presents with profound neurological signs and symptoms, and the prognosis is poor.
Epidemiology
Acute spinal cord ischemia syndrome represents only 5-8% of acute myelopathies 4,5 and <1% ...
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