Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,920 results
Article
Pelviureteric junction obstruction
Pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction/stenosis, also known as ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction/stenosis, can be one of the causes of obstructive uropathy. It can be congenital or acquired with a congenital pelviureteric junction obstruction being one of the commonest causes of antenat...
Article
International panel for NMO diagnosis criteria
The 2015 International Panel for NMO Diagnosis criteria is, as the name implies, a set of criteria used to diagnose neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) 1. They are based on a combination of clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging findings.
Criteria
Diagnostic criteria for NMOSD with ...
Article
Primary mitochondrial disorders
Primary mitochondrial disorders (PMDs) are a clinically heterogeneous group of conditions caused by pathologic variants in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear DNA (nDNA).
There are many conditions that result from mitochondrial dysfunction that affect the neurological, muscular and other bodil...
Article
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrial genetic disorder characterized by bilateral, progressive, central vision loss secondary to loss of the retinal ganglionic cell layer 1,2. It is considered the most common mitochondrial disorder caused by mutation to mitochondrial DNA (m...
Article
Inguinal hernia
Inguinal hernias (herniae also used) is the type of groin herniation (part of the larger group of abdominal wall hernias) that occurs above the inguinal ligament and through the inguinal canal.
Epidemiology
Inguinal hernias are the commonest type of abdominal wall hernias (up to 80% 3) and are...
Article
Acetabular index
The acetabular index, also known as the acetabular roof angle or Tönnis angle, is a radiographic measurement of acetabular roof inclination. It is useful in assessing for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) as well as pincer morphology in femoroacetabular impingement (FAI).
Measurement
Th...
Article
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), as the name would suggest, is featured by a monophasic acute inflammation and demyelination of white matter typically following a recent (1-2 weeks prior) viral infection or vaccination 4,6. Grey matter is also involved, albeit to a lesser extent, as ...
Article
Tuberous sclerosis
Tuberous sclerosis (TS), also known as tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) or Bourneville disease, is a phakomatosis (neurocutaneous disorder) characterized by the development of multiple benign tumors of the embryonic ectoderm (e.g. skin, eyes, and nervous system).
Epidemiology
Tuberous sclerosi...
Article
Myoclonic epilepsy with red ragged fibers (MERRF)
Myoclonic epilepsy with red ragged fibers (MERRF) is a rare multisystem mitochondrial disorder.
Clinical presentation
Patients usually present in late adolescence or early adulthood. The clinical presentation can be highly variable, including 1-4:
epilepsy, typically with myoclonic seizures b...
Article
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) is one of many mitochondrial disorders. As mitochondria, which have their own DNA, are exclusively passed on from the mother, these disorders are only maternally inherited.
On imaging, it manifests as multifoc...
Article
Magnetic resonance lymphangiography
Magnetic resonance lymphangiography (MRL) is an imaging technique used to visualize and map the lymphatic vessels. The technique is used for treatment planning in supermicrosurgical procedures, including lymphaticovenous anastomosis, lymphaticolymphatic bypass and vascularized lymph node transfe...
Article
Buford complex
Buford complex is a congenital glenoid labrum variant where the anterosuperior labrum is absent in the 1-3 o'clock position and the middle glenohumeral ligament is thickened (cord-like). It originates directly from the superior labrum adjacent to the bicipital labral complex and inserts onto the...
Article
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a type of heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction (left heart failure) classified by a left ventricular ejection fraction of 40% or less. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction occurs when the left ventricle is unable to con...
Article
Bladder inflammatory pseudotumor
Bladder inflammatory pseudotumor or pseudosarcomatous fibromyxoid tumor is a benign cause of bladder wall thickening that may be mistaken for malignancy.
Epidemiology
This entity is more common in adults, with a mean age at diagnosis of 38 years.
Clinical presentation
Patients present most ...
Article
Congestive cardiac failure
Congestive cardiac failure (CCF), also known as congestive heart failure (CHF) or simply heart failure, refers to the clinical syndrome caused by inherited or acquired abnormalities of heart structure and function, causing a constellation of symptoms and signs that lead to decreased quality and ...
Article
Cerebral ring enhancing lesions (mnemonic)
Convenient mnemonics for the causes of cerebral ring-enhancing lesions are:
MAGIC DR or DR MAGIC
DR MAGIC L
MAGICAL DR
Mnemonics
MAGIC DR or DR MAGIC
M: metastasis
A: abscess
G: glioblastoma
I: infarct (subacute phase) or inflammatory (neurocysticercosis, tuberculoma)
C: contusion
D: ...
Article
CT neck, chest, abdomen-pelvis (NCAP protocol)
The CT neck chest-abdomen-pelvis protocol aims to evaluate the neck, thoracic and abdominal structures using contrast in trauma imaging. The use of contrast facilitates the assessment of pathologies globally whilst minimizing dose by potentially disregarding a non-contrast scan.
Note: This art...
Article
Ochronosis
Ochronosis, or alkaptonuria (AKU), is a rare multisystem autosomal recessive metabolic disorder.
On imaging, the most particular presentation is on the spine, with osteoporotic bones and dense disc calcifications.
Terminology
The term ochronosis usually refers to the bluish-black discolourat...
Article
Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common cyanotic congenital heart condition with many cases presenting after the newborn period. It has been classically characterized by the combination of ventricular septal defect (VSD), right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO), overriding aorta...
Article
Singapore Society of Radiographers
The Singapore Society of Radiographers (SSR) is the professional body representing 1 diagnostic radiographers, radiation therapists, sonographers and nuclear medicine technologists in Singapore. The SSR works with government-level boards to maintain updated continuous professional development in...
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