Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,876 results found
Article
Sphenoid bone
The sphenoid bone is a large, complex, unpaired bone forming the central parts of the anterior and central skull base.
Gross anatomy
Parts of the sphenoid bone include:
body
jugum sphenoideum
contains the sphenoid sinus
greater wing
lesser wing
pterygoid process and plates
Articulations...
Article
Parietal bone
The parietal bone is a paired, irregular, quadrilateral skull bone that forms the sides and roof of the cranium.
Gross anatomy
The parietal bone has four borders, four angles, and external/internal surfaces.
The four borders are:
frontal
sagittal
occipital (half of lambdoid suture)
squam...
Article
Palatine bone
The palatine bones are paired L-shaped bones joined at the midline. They form the hard palate with the maxillary bones. They also form part of the floor of the nasal cavity (the hard palate separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity).
Gross anatomy
The palatine bones are located at the b...
Article
Occipital bone
The occipital bone, also known as C0, is a trapezoid skull bone that contributes to the posteroinferior part of the cranial vault. It is pierced by the foramen magnum, permitting communication from the cranial cavity to the vertebral canal.
Terminology
Occiput is a noun referring to the back o...
Article
Nasal bone
The nasal bones are small paired oblong upper central facial bones placed side by side between the frontal processes of the maxilla, jointly forming the nasal ridge.
Gross anatomy
The nasal bone has two surfaces:
external surface to which the procerus and nasalis muscles attach
internal, whi...
Article
Maxilla
The maxillae (or maxillary bones) are a pair of symmetrical bones joined at the midline, which form the middle third of the face. Each maxilla forms the floor of the nasal cavity and parts of its lateral wall and roof, the roof of the oral cavity, contains the maxillary sinus, and contributes mo...
Article
Mandible
The mandible is the single midline bone of the lower jaw. It consists of a curved, horizontal portion, the body, and two perpendicular portions, the rami, which unite with the ends of the body nearly at right angles (angle of the jaw). It articulates with both temporal bones at the mandibular fo...
Article
Lacrimal bone
The lacrimal bones are paired craniofacial bones forming the anterior aspect of the medial orbital walls.
Gross anatomy
The lacrimal bones have two surfaces and four borders. The lateral orbital surface is divided by a vertical posterior lacrimal crest with an anterior fossa for the lacrimal ...
Article
Inferior nasal concha
The inferior nasal conchae or turbinates are one of the pairs of conchae in the nose.
Gross anatomy
It extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and consists of a lamina of spongy bone, curled upon itself like a scroll. The inferior nasal conchae are considered a pair of ...
Article
Frontal bone
The frontal bone is a skull bone that contributes to the cranial vault. It contributes to form part of the anterior cranial fossa.
Gross anatomy
The frontal bone has two portions:
vertical portion (squama): has external/internal surfaces
horizontal portion (orbital): has superior/inferior su...
Article
Augmented reality
Augmented reality (AR) is a technology that uses computer-generated virtual content e.g. image rendering that is superimposed onto the user’s real environment 1. This is in contrast to virtual reality (VR) whereby the user is immersed into a completely virtual setting 1.
Clinical applications
...
Article
Zero echo time imaging
Zero echo time (ZTE) imaging is a development in MR technology, to better visualize tissues such as bone with the shortest T2 values.
Technique
Physical principles
In zero echo time imaging, the signal is acquired immediately after applying the radiofrequency pulse resulting in near-zero echo...
Article
Neuroblastoma (staging)
There are two methods of neuroblastoma staging; the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Staging System (INRGSS, based on imaging of pre-treatment patients), and the International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS, based on the outcomes of surgery).
International Neuroblastoma Risk Group St...
Article
Pulsatile portal venous flow
A pulsatile portal venous flow pattern is an abnormal form of portal venous flow and can result from both physiological and pathological causes.
In well subjects, mild to marked pulsatility has been described. This is especially so in thin subjects, with a venous pulsatility index of >0.5, inve...
Article
Extended reality
Extended reality, sometimes referred to as XR, is a term for technologies, such as those that include augmented reality, virtual reality and mixed reality, that allow visualization of three-dimensional virtual imaging.
Terminology
Virtual reality refers to technologies which allow complete imm...
Article
Flying focus tomosynthesis
Flying focus is a technology of image acquisition in digital breast tomosynthesis characterized by a continuous sweep during shooting.
Sharpness in digital systems is determined by the modulation transfer function (MTF), which determines contrast transfer as a function of spatial frequency.
Si...
Article
CT guided percutaneous drainage
CT guided percutaneous drainage is one form of image-guided drainage, allowing minimally invasive treatment of collections, potentially anywhere in the body. Although less commonly used than ultrasound guidance, it is particularly valuable in gaining access to deeper or more posterior parts of t...
Article
Step-and-shoot tomosynthesis (breast)
Step-and-shoot is a technology of image acquisition in digital breast tomosynthesis characterized by stopping scanning at every single angle during image acquisition.
Step-and-shoot technology displays advantages in microcalcifications conspicuity, spatial resolution, signal-to-noise ratio impr...
Article
Amide proton transfer imaging
Amide proton transfer (APT) imaging is the most common type of chemical exchange saturation transfer technique that generates image contrast due to proton exchange between labeled protons in solute and free water protons1. APT imaging does not require exogenous gadolinium-based contrast and thus...
Article
Doppler angle correction
Doppler angle correction refers to an imaging post-processing method used to adjust for the effects of insonation angle on the Doppler shift.
Technique
Measurement of flow velocity with Doppler imaging is dependent on the angle between the ultrasound beam and the target (insonation angle), wit...
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