Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,936 results
Article
Focal cortical dysplasia
Focal cortical dysplasias (FCD) represent a heterogeneous group of disorders of cortical formation, which may demonstrate both architectural and proliferative features. They are one of the most common causes of epilepsy and can be associated with hippocampal sclerosis and cortical glioneuronal n...
Article
Transmantle sign (brain)
The transmantle sign is an MRI feature of focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), almost exclusively seen in type II (ILAE/Blumcke classification), and especially in type IIb 1-5.
Pathology
The transmantle sign is believed to be related to abnormal function of, or injury to radial glial fibers (which ...
Article
Mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia and epilepsy (MOGHE)
Mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia and epilepsy (MOGHE) is a histopathological entity primarily associated with drug-resistant frontal lobe epilepsy. MOGHE is characterized by a distinct histological phenotype that includes blurred gray-white matter bound...
Article
Mild malformation of cortical development
Mild malformations of cortical development (mMCD), previously known as microdysgenesis 4, correspond to microscopic malformations of cortical development with heterotopic neurons and an abnormal cortical architecture 1.
For a broader view of malformations of cortical development, refer to the ...
Article
Blumcke classification of focal cortical dysplasia
Blumcke et al. proposed the widely adopted International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) consensus classification system for focal cortical dysplasia in 2011 2, which shares many features with the previously described classification systems by Palmini (2004) and Barkovich (2005).
In 2022, an up...
Article
Seminal vesicle cyst
Seminal vesicle cysts can be congenital or acquired.
Epidemiology
Age of presentation of congenital seminal vesicular cysts is during the period of greatest reproductive activity i.e. in second and third decades of life, while acquired cysts are most often seen in the elderly age group.
Clini...
Article
Glenolabral articular disruption lesion
Glenolabral articular disruption (GLAD) lesions result from a forced adduction injury. There is a superficial anterior inferior labral tear associated with an anterior inferior glenoid articular cartilage injury. These lesions do not tend to be associated with shoulder instability.
Radiographic...
Article
Left-sided superior vena cava
A left-sided superior vena cava (SVC) is the most common congenital venous anomaly in the chest, and in a minority of cases can result in a right-to-left shunt 3,4.
Epidemiology
A left-sided SVC is seen in 0.3-0.5% of the normal population and in ~5% of those with congenital heart disease 3. I...
Article
Closed loop obstruction
Closed loop obstructions are a specific type of bowel obstruction in which two points along the course of the bowel are obstructed, usually but not always the transition points are adjacent at a single location. The closed loop refers to a segment of bowel without proximal or distal outlets for ...
Article
Apophyseal avulsion fractures of the pelvis and hip
Apophyseal avulsion fractures of the pelvis and hip are relatively common among physically active adolescents and young adults.
Epidemiology
Pelvic and hip apophyseal injuries typically occur in the 14 to 25 year age range.
Mechanism
Kicking sports, such as soccer, and gymnastics are frequen...
Article
External iliac lymph nodes
The external iliac lymph nodes can be found surrounding the external iliac artery and act as the draining nodes for several regions of the pelvis and lower limb.
Gross anatomy
The external iliac lymph nodes lie anterior to the internal iliac lymph nodes and usually form three separate subgrou...
Article
Mosaic attenuation pattern in lung
Mosaic attenuation is a descriptive term used in describing a patchwork of regions of differing pulmonary attenuation on CT imaging. It is a non-specific finding, although is associated with the following:
obstructive small airways disease: low attenuation regions are abnormal and reflect two p...
Article
Distal radioulnar joint osteoarthritis
Distal radioulnar joint osteoarthritis is a condition in which arthritis in distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) causes pain and limited function in wrist joint. DRUJ plays a vital role in forearm rotation and axial weight bearing. Soft tissues around this joint play an important role in providing sta...
Article
Chronic myocarditis
Chronic myocarditis is a prolonged or ongoing myocardial inflammation in the setting of non-dilated or mildly dilated cardiomyopathy 1-5. There have been significant differences concerning the exact definition of the concept as well as the time interval after the onset of symptoms, with the latt...
Article
Necrotizing pancreatitis
Necrotizing pancreatitis represents a severe form of acute pancreatitis. It is considered a subtype of acute pancreatitis as necrosis usually tends to occur early, within the first 24-48 hours, but can also rarely occur with subacute forms.
A key feature is a significant amount of pancreatic an...
Article
Osteochondroma malignant transformation (mnemonic)
A useful mnemonic for listing the radiological and clinical features suggestive of osteochondroma malignant (sarcomatous) transformation is 1:
GLAD PaST
Mnemonic
G: growth after skeletal maturity
L: lucency (new)
A: additional scintigraphic activity
D: destruction (cortical)
P: pain after...
Article
Acute necrotic collection
Acute necrotic collections (ANCs) are an early, local complication of necrotizing pancreatitis.
Terminology
The following are the latest terms according to the updated Atlanta classification to describe fluid collections associated with acute pancreatitis 1,2:
fluid collections in interstitia...
Article
Prostatic utricle cyst
A prostatic utricle cyst, also known as a utricular cyst, is an area of focal dilatation that occurs within the prostatic utricle.
They are midline cystic masses in the male pelvis and can be very difficult or impossible to distinguish from a Müllerian duct cyst.
Epidemiology
Utricle cysts ar...
Article
Müllerian duct cyst
A Müllerian duct cyst is a cyst that arises from remnants of the Müllerian duct and is one of the midline cystic masses in the male pelvis.
Epidemiology
Müllerian duct cysts usually occur in the 3rd and 4th decades of life (whereas prostatic utricle cysts are most often detected in the 1st an...
Article
Renal artery
The renal arteries originate from the abdominal aorta and enter the renal hila to supply the kidneys. Any variant in arterial supply is important to clinicians undertaking surgery or other interventional renal procedures.
Gross anatomy
Origin
They arise from the lateral surface of the abdomi...