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Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.

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Extensor compartments of the wrist

The forearm extensor tendons pass under the extensor retinaculum at the level of the wrist. The ligament is divided into six extensor compartments, separated by fibrous septa passing to the bones of the forearm 2. Summary The compartments in order from radial to ulnar are: 1st compartment: a...

Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder

Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder is a hyperplastic cholecystosis of the gallbladder wall. It is a relatively common and benign cause of diffuse or focal gallbladder wall thickening, most easily seen on ultrasound and MRI. Epidemiology Adenomyomatosis is relatively common, found in ~9% of al...

Kienböck disease

Kienböck disease is the eponymous name given to osteonecrosis involving the lunate. It is often referred to as lunatomalacia. Epidemiology The age distribution for Kienböck disease depends on gender. The condition is most common within the dominant wrist of young adult men where it appears to...

Superior rectal artery

The superior rectal artery is an artery that supplies blood to the upper two-thirds of the rectum down to the level of the levator ani 2. Summary origin: the terminal branch of the inferior mesenteric artery course: descends into the pelvic cavity in the sigmoid mesocolon, crossing the left c...

Intravascular lymphoma

Intravascular lymphoma (IVL), also known as intravascular lymphomatosis or intravascular large cell lymphoma or intravascular large B-cell lymphoma, corresponds to a rare type of extranodal diffuse large B cell lymphoma that affects small and medium-sized vessels and has no specific clinical or ...

Subarachnoid FLAIR hyperintensity

There are a wide range of causes for subarachnoid FLAIR hyperintensity, both pathological and artifactual. Differential diagnosis Pathological causes subarachnoid hemorrhage meningitis leptomeningeal metastasis (e.g. carcinomatosis, lymphomatosis) FLAIR vascular hyperintensities in acute ...

Leptomeningeal metastases

Leptomeningeal metastases, also known as carcinomatous meningitis and meningeal carcinomatosis, refers to the spread of malignant cells through the CSF space. These cells can originate from primary CNS tumors (e.g. in the form of drop metastases), as well as from distant tumors that have metasta...

Tuberculous spondylitis

Tuberculous spondylitis, also known as Pott disease, refers to vertebral body osteomyelitis and intervertebral discitis from tuberculosis (TB). The spine is the most frequent location of musculoskeletal tuberculosis, and commonly related symptoms are back pain and lower limb weakness/paraplegia....

Autoimmune glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy

Autoimmune glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy, or simply GFAP astrocytopathy, is a rare inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorder. Epidemiology Given the rarity of the condition, epidemiological data pertaining to autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy are not well establishe...

Leptomeningeal enhancement

Leptomeningeal enhancement refers to a diffuse or focal gyriform or serpentine enhancement that can be seen in the following conditions: Diffuse meningitis pyogenic meningitis viral meningitis tuberculous meningitis (can also be focal) CNS cryptococcal infection coccidioidal meningitis (c...

Congenital lumbar spinal stenosis

Congenital lumbar spinal stenosis, also known as developmental lumbar spinal stenosis, is a type of spinal canal stenosis and has different epidemiology with less severe degenerative change compared to acquired/degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Epidemiology Congenital lumbar spinal stenosi...

Internal pudendal vein

The internal pudendal veins are the set of accompanying veins to the internal pudendal artery draining the perineal region to empty into the internal iliac vein. Gross Anatomy Tributaries inferior rectal veins males penile bulb and scrotum vein females clitoris and posterior labial vein ...

Medical abbreviations and acronyms (O)

This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter O and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order). A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R...

Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS)

PI-RADS (Prostate Imaging–Reporting and Data System) is a structured reporting scheme for multiparametric prostate MRI in the evaluation of suspected prostate cancer in treatment naive prostate glands. This article reflects version 2.1 (v2.1), published in 2019 and developed by an internationall...

Double doughnut sign

The double doughnut sign is a radiological sign described in MRI of viral encephalitis, typically due to dengue encephalitis. The double doughnut sign refers to a pattern of signal changes in the bilateral thalami that have a doughnut-like appearance 1-4. This sign may be appreciated on either ...

Gastroduodenal artery

The gastroduodenal artery (GDA) is a terminal branch of the common hepatic artery that mainly supplies the pylorus of the stomach, proximal duodenum, and the head of the pancreas. Due to its proximity to the posterior wall of the first part of the duodenum, the gastroduodenal artery is one of th...

Low-lying placenta

Low-lying placenta occurs when the placenta extends into the lower uterine segment and its edge lies close to the internal os of the cervix, without covering it. Usage The term should be used when the edge of the placenta is less than 2 cm from the internal os of the cervix, in pregnancies of...

Marginal placenta previa

Marginal placenta previa (or grade 2 placenta previa) was a term previously used to describe the situation where placental tissue reaches the margin of the internal cervical os but does not cover it. The term is no longer recommended for use, to avoid confusion and variance in reporting 1,2. I...

Cystic bronchiectasis

Cystic bronchiectasis is one of the less common morphological forms of bronchiectasis. It may be present on its own or may occur in combination with other forms of bronchiectasis. For a general discussion, please refer to the article on bronchiectasis. Radiographic features It is characterize...

Ejaculatory duct obstruction

Ejaculatory duct obstruction refers to the congenital or acquired obstruction of the ejaculatory ducts. Epidemiology Ejaculatory duct obstruction is rare, accounting for approximately 5% of infertile patients, but thought to be underdiagnosed 2. Clinical presentation Patients may present wit...

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