Articles
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16,925 results
Article
Occipital condyle
The occipital condyles are two large protuberances on the undersurface of the occipital bone, located besides the front half of the foramen magnum. It forms the connection between the skull and the vertebral column.
Articulations
atlas (C1) at the atlanto-occipital joint
Related pathology
oc...
Article
Numb chin syndrome
Numb chin syndrome describes a sensory neuropathy occurring in the distribution of either the mental nerve or inferior alveolar nerve. While numb chin syndrome has a multitude of causes, it is considered an ominous entity due to its strong association with heralding advanced malignancy 1.
Clini...
Article
Post-primary pulmonary tuberculosis
Post-primary tuberculosis is also known as reactivation tuberculosis or secondary tuberculosis. The typical upper zone predominant destructive pneumonia is due to an adaptive immune response in an immunocompetent host 1.
Pathology
Location
The upper zone predominance of pulmonary cavitation c...
Article
Occipital condyle syndrome
Occipital condyle syndrome describes the constellation of unilateral occipital pain and ipsilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy, which localizes to pathology affecting an occipital condyle. While occipital condyle syndrome can have a multitude of causes, it nearly always represents a manifestation o...
Article
Hypoglossal nerve palsy
Hypoglossal nerve palsies, or twelfth nerve palsies, result in weakness of the muscles supplied by the hypoglossal nerve, namely the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles, except for palatoglossus.
Clinical presentation
The hypoglossal nucleus receives a major component of contralateral corti...
Article
BTA ultrasound "U" classification of thyroid nodules
The ultrasound "U" classification of thyroid nodules has been developed by the British Thyroid Association (BTA) as part of their 2014 guidelines on the management of thyroid cancer 1.
It allows for the stratification of thyroid nodules as benign, suspicious or malignant based on ultrasound app...
Article
Tongue
The tongue is a complex, principally muscular structure that extends from the oral cavity to the oropharynx. It has important roles in speech, swallowing and taste.
Gross anatomy
The tongue has a tip, dorsum, inferior surface and root. The tongue is made of a midline lingual septum and hyoglo...
Article
Kienböck disease
Kienböck disease is the eponymous name given to osteonecrosis involving the lunate. It is often referred to as lunatomalacia.
Epidemiology
The age distribution for Kienböck disease depends on gender. The condition is most common within the dominant wrist of young adult men where it appears to...
Article
Talocalcaneal joint
The talocalcaneal joint, also called the clinical subtalar joint, is an important and complex joint in the hindfoot that allows articulation of the talus and calcaneus.
Gross anatomy
It comprises three articulations between talus and calcaneus 1:
anterior: head of talus with anterior facet o...
Article
Extensor compartments of the wrist
The forearm extensor tendons pass under the extensor retinaculum at the level of the wrist. The ligament is divided into six extensor compartments, separated by fibrous septa passing to the bones of the forearm 2.
Summary
The compartments in order from radial to ulnar are:
1st compartment:
a...
Article
Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder
Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder is a hyperplastic cholecystosis of the gallbladder wall. It is a relatively common and benign cause of diffuse or focal gallbladder wall thickening, most easily seen on ultrasound and MRI.
Epidemiology
Adenomyomatosis is relatively common, found in ~9% of al...
Article
Superior rectal artery
The superior rectal artery is an artery that supplies blood to the upper two-thirds of the rectum down to the level of the levator ani 2.
Summary
origin: the terminal branch of the inferior mesenteric artery
course: descends into the pelvic cavity in the sigmoid mesocolon, crossing the left c...
Article
Intravascular lymphoma
Intravascular lymphoma (IVL), also known as intravascular lymphomatosis or intravascular large cell lymphoma or intravascular large B-cell lymphoma, corresponds to a rare type of extranodal diffuse large B cell lymphoma that affects small and medium-sized vessels and has no specific clinical or ...
Article
Subarachnoid FLAIR hyperintensity
There are a wide range of causes for subarachnoid FLAIR hyperintensity, both pathological and artifactual.
Differential diagnosis
Pathological causes
subarachnoid hemorrhage
meningitis
leptomeningeal metastasis (e.g. carcinomatosis, lymphomatosis)
FLAIR vascular hyperintensities in acute ...
Article
Leptomeningeal metastases
Leptomeningeal metastases, also known as carcinomatous meningitis and meningeal carcinomatosis, refers to the spread of malignant cells through the CSF space. These cells can originate from primary CNS tumors (e.g. in the form of drop metastases), as well as from distant tumors that have metasta...
Article
Tuberculous spondylitis
Tuberculous spondylitis, also known as Pott disease, refers to vertebral body osteomyelitis and intervertebral discitis from tuberculosis (TB). The spine is the most frequent location of musculoskeletal tuberculosis, and commonly related symptoms are back pain and lower limb weakness/paraplegia....
Article
Autoimmune glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy
Autoimmune glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy, or simply GFAP astrocytopathy, is a rare inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorder.
Epidemiology
Given the rarity of the condition, epidemiological data pertaining to autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy are not well establishe...
Article
Leptomeningeal enhancement
Leptomeningeal enhancement refers to a diffuse or focal gyriform or serpentine enhancement that can be seen in the following conditions:
Diffuse
meningitis
pyogenic meningitis
viral meningitis
tuberculous meningitis (can also be focal)
CNS cryptococcal infection
coccidioidal meningitis (c...
Article
Congenital lumbar spinal stenosis
Congenital lumbar spinal stenosis, also known as developmental lumbar spinal stenosis, is a type of spinal canal stenosis and has different epidemiology with less severe degenerative change compared to acquired/degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis.
Epidemiology
Congenital lumbar spinal stenosi...
Article
Internal pudendal vein
The internal pudendal veins are the set of accompanying veins to the internal pudendal artery draining the perineal region to empty into the internal iliac vein.
Gross Anatomy
Tributaries
inferior rectal veins
males
penile bulb and scrotum vein
females
clitoris and posterior labial vein
...
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