Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,903 results found
Article
Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody
Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody (Anti-PLA2R) is an antibody test that is used in the immunohistochemical evaluation of membranous nephropathy (i.e. in differentiation of primary versus secondary) which in is one of the commonest causes of nephrotic syndrome. It may play a role a negating...
Article
Elbow
The elbow is a complex synovial joint formed by the articulations of the humerus, the radius, and the ulna.
Gross anatomy
Articulations
The elbow joint is made up of three articulations 2,3:
radiohumeral: capitellum of the humerus with the radial head
ulnohumeral: trochlea of the humerus w...
Article
Acute esophageal necrosis
Acute esophageal necrosis, sometimes known as black esophagus or esophageal stroke is a rare entity characterized by patchy or diffuse circumferential black pigmentation of the esophageal mucosa from ischemic necrosis.
On endoscopy there is distal diffuse circumferential blackening of the esoph...
Article
Milwaukee shoulder
Milwaukee shoulder refers to a destructive arthropathy associated with advanced rotator cuff tears and deposition of basic calcium phosphate crystals including hydroxyapatite crystals.
Epidemiology
Milwaukee shoulder frequently affects older women with an age range of 50 - 90 years, often with...
Article
Anode (x-ray tube)
The anode (or anticathode) is the component of the x-ray tube where x-rays are produced. It is a piece of metal, shaped in the form of a bevelled disk with a diameter between 55 and 100 mm, and thickness of 7 mm, connected to the positive side of the electrical circuit. The anode converts the en...
Article
Histiocyte Society classification of histiocytoses
The Histiocyte Society classification of histiocytoses and neoplasms of macrophage-dendritic cell lineages is in its 2016 revision of the organization's initial classification system from 1987.
Terminology
Histiocytes are mononuclear phagocytes that reside in tissues, including macrophages and...
Article
Investigating focal weakness (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Investigating focal weakness makes up a large proportion of the workload for neurologists and neuroradiologists. A wide range of serious CNS disorders can present with focal weakness. Appropriate timely imaging can guide di...
Article
Radiation risk factor
The radiation risk factor is the total lifetime risk of radiation-induced fatal cancer for the general population.
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) quantifies the radiation risk factor as 5% (5 in 100) per Sv, or 0.05% (1 in 20,000) per mSv.
These figures are base...
Article
Plate and screw fixation
Plate and screw fixation is a method of internal fixation used in orthopedic surgery. It is most commonly used in open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) surgeries as well as fixation of bone post osteotomy (e.g. high tibial osteotomy or rotational osteotomy).
When applied to the convex side o...
Article
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant disorder of the bone marrow characterized by the proliferation of the lymphoid progenitor cells, typically of the B cell lineage.
Epidemiology
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the commonest form of childhood leukemia, accounting for ~80% of pedi...
Article
Neutron therapy
Neutron therapy is a form of particle therapy using neutrons as the energy-carrying particle. The therapy has shown promise for some malignancies but there have also been problems with accurate dose distributions and late complications. Some of these problems historically were thought to be - at...
Article
Cervical carcinoma
Cervical carcinoma is a malignancy arising from the cervix. It is the third most common gynecologic malignancy (after endometrial and ovarian).
Epidemiology
It typically presents in younger women with an average age of onset at around 45 years.
Risk factors
human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and...
Article
AAST spleen injury scale
The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) splenic injury scale, revised in 2018, is the most widely used grading system for splenic trauma.
The 2018 update incorporates "vascular injury" (i.e. pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula) into the imaging criteria for visceral injury 4...
Article
Medical devices
Medical devices are commonly seen on all imaging modalities of all body parts. When possible medical devices may be completely removed or at least moved out of the field of view to reduce image artifacts. Oftentimes it is impossible to remove devices, and the reporter must make allowances for th...
Article
Simple hepatic cyst
Simple hepatic cysts are common benign liver lesions and have no malignant potential. They can be diagnosed with ultrasound, CT, or MRI.
Epidemiology
Simple hepatic cysts are one of the commonest liver lesions, occurring in ~5% (range 2-7%) of the population 1,2. There may be a slight female p...
Article
Klebsiella pneumonia
Klebsiella pneumonia, also known as Friedländer pneumonia, refers to pneumonia resulting from an infection from the organism Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Epidemiology
There tends to be a higher prevalence in older patients with alcoholism and debilitated hospitalized patients 3.
Pathology
Klebsie...
Article
14-3-3 protein
14-3-3 proteins are found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and are used to help identify patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD).
Seven distinct 14-3-3 proteins have been found in humans.
In diagnosing sCJD, the sensitivity of 14-3-3 protein is 92%, and its specificity is 80% ...
Article
Endosaccular flow disruption devices
Endosaccular flow disruption devices, also simply known as flow disruptors, are used for the treatment of either ruptured or unruptured saccular, wide-neck, usually bifurcation as well as side-wall intracranial aneurysms. Their primary function is to stop blood from flowing into the aneurysm, al...
Article
American Journal of Roentgenology
The American Journal of Roentgenology, also known as AJR, or informally, the Yellow Journal, is a peer-reviewed monthly journal published by the American Roentgen Ray Society (ARRS). Its editor in chief is Andrew Rosenkrantz. Its global circulation is close to 25,000 paying subscribers 16.
Jou...
Article
Volume coils
Volume coils are the transmit and receive radiofrequency coils which are used to both transmit and receive the radiofrequency signal in MRI. Most MRI scanners have what is called a body coil – which is a volume coil built into the bore of the magnet which transmits the radiofrequency for most ex...
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