Articles
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16,876 results found
Article
Left hemicolectomy
Left hemicolectomy is a surgical procedure in which splenic flexure, descending colon, and a portion of the sigmoid colon are removed for radical treatment of various pathologies affecting the descending colon.
Indications
colon cancer
inflammatory bowel disease
isolated left diverticular di...
Article
Right hemicolectomy
A right hemicolectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the cecum and ascending colon.
Indications
cancer of the appendix, cecum or ascending colon (most common) 1
inflammatory bowel disease, particularly Crohn's disease
complicated appendicitis
cecal volvulus
perforation of the right colo...
Article
Pancreatic trauma
The pancreas is uncommonly injured in blunt trauma. However, pancreatic trauma has a high morbidity and mortality rate.
Epidemiology
The pancreas is injured in ~7.5% (range 2-13%) of blunt trauma cases 1,3,7. Motor vehicle accidents account for the vast majority of cases. Penetrating trauma co...
Article
Palatine bone
The palatine bones are paired L-shaped bones joined at the midline. They form the hard palate with the maxillary bones. They also form part of the floor of the nasal cavity (the hard palate separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity).
Gross anatomy
The palatine bones are located at the b...
Article
Parietal bone
The parietal bone is a paired, irregular, quadrilateral skull bone that forms the sides and roof of the cranium.
Gross anatomy
The parietal bone has four borders, four angles, and external/internal surfaces.
The four borders are:
frontal
sagittal
occipital (half of lambdoid suture)
squam...
Article
Sphenoid bone
The sphenoid bone is a large, complex, unpaired bone forming the central parts of the anterior and central skull base.
Gross anatomy
Parts of the sphenoid bone include:
body
jugum sphenoideum
contains the sphenoid sinus
greater wing
lesser wing
pterygoid process and plates
Articulations...
Article
Temporal bone
The temporal bone is situated on the sides and the base of the cranium and lateral to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum. The temporal bone is one of the most important calvarial and skull base bones.
Gross anatomy
The temporal bone is divided into several main parts/portions 1-3:
squamous pa...
Article
Zygomatic bone
The zygomatic bone (also known as zygoma or malar bone) is an important facial bone that forms the prominence of the cheek. It is roughly quadrangular in shape.
Gross anatomy
Zygoma has three surfaces, five borders, and two processes.
Surfaces
anterolateral surface is convex, pierced at its ...
Article
Vomer
The vomer is one of the unpaired facial bones and forms the posteroinferior part of the bony nasal septum, lying in the midline between the two nasal cavities.
It is a thin flat bone that is trapezoidal in shape with two surfaces that are obliquely grooved by the sphenopalatine (nasopalatine) v...
Article
Occipital bone
The occipital bone, also known as C0, is a trapezoid skull bone that contributes to the posteroinferior part of the cranial vault. It is pierced by the foramen magnum, permitting communication from the cranial cavity to the vertebral canal.
Terminology
Occiput is a noun referring to the back o...
Article
Nasal bone
The nasal bones are small paired oblong upper central facial bones placed side by side between the frontal processes of the maxilla, jointly forming the nasal ridge.
Gross anatomy
The nasal bone has two surfaces:
external surface to which the procerus and nasalis muscles attach
internal, whi...
Article
Maxilla
The maxillae (or maxillary bones) are a pair of symmetrical bones joined at the midline, which form the middle third of the face. Each maxilla forms the floor of the nasal cavity and parts of its lateral wall and roof, the roof of the oral cavity, contains the maxillary sinus, and contributes mo...
Article
Inferior nasal concha
The inferior nasal conchae or turbinates are one of the pairs of conchae in the nose.
Gross anatomy
It extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and consists of a lamina of spongy bone, curled upon itself like a scroll. The inferior nasal conchae are considered a pair of ...
Article
Frontal bone
The frontal bone is a skull bone that contributes to the cranial vault. It contributes to form part of the anterior cranial fossa.
Gross anatomy
The frontal bone has two portions:
vertical portion (squama): has external/internal surfaces
horizontal portion (orbital): has superior/inferior su...
Article
Mandible
The mandible is the single midline bone of the lower jaw. It consists of a curved, horizontal portion, the body, and two perpendicular portions, the rami, which unite with the ends of the body nearly at right angles (angle of the jaw). It articulates with both temporal bones at the mandibular fo...
Article
Gastric diverticulum
Gastric diverticula are sac-like outpouchings that most commonly originate from the posterior surface of the gastric fundus. They are the least common of the gastrointestinal diverticula.
Epidemiology
Gastric diverticula are rare and commonly detected incidentally. The incidence varies from 0...
Article
Prostate MRI (an approach)
Prostate MRI has become an increasingly frequent examination faced in daily radiological practice and is mainly conducted for the detection, active surveillance and staging of prostate cancer. This approach is an example of how to create a radiological report of a prostate MRI (usually mpMRI) wi...
Article
WHO grading system for diffuse astrocytomas
The WHO grading system is the most widely used system for grading diffuse astrocytomas (c.2022). It is an adaptation of the now-superseded St Anne-Mayo grading system (also known as the Daumas-Duport grading system).
Classification
Grade 1 is reserved for localized astrocytomas (see WHO class...
Article
St. Anne-Mayo grading system of astrocytomas (historical)
The St. Anne-Mayo grading system, also known as the Daumas-Duport grading system, introduced in 1988 was for a time a popular system for grading diffuse astrocytomas but has now been replaced by the WHO grading system which, however, was derived from the St Anne-Mayo system and thus shares many ...
Article
Muscle injury
Muscle injuries is a broad term encompassing many pathologies. They are common injuries in elite and amateur athletes as well as in the general population.
Clinical presentation
Typically, muscle injuries present with pain and loss of function. Clinically, they can be graded as 1:
grade 1: n...
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