Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,925 results
Article
Acute flaccid myelitis
Acute flaccid myelitis is an uncommon cause of acute flaccid paralysis similar to poliomyelitis, primarily affecting children and usually seen following a respiratory viral illness.
Epidemiology
Acute flaccid myelitis primarily affects children. Cases appear to be temporally related to respi...
Article
Talar neck fracture
Talar neck fractures extend through the thinnest cross-sectional portion of the talus, just proximal to the talar head. They represent one of the most common types of talus fracture (~30-50%), along with chip and avulsion fractures of the talus (~40-49%). These fractures are commonly associated ...
Article
Ankle radiograph (checklist)
The ankle radiograph checklist is just one of the many pathology checklists that can be used when reporting to ensure that you always actively exclude pathology that is commonly missed; this is particularly helpful in the examination setting, e.g. the FRCR 2B rapid-reporting.
Radiograph
The ma...
Article
Enchondromatosis
Enchondromatosis, also known as Ollier disease (see Terminology section), is a non-hereditary, sporadic, skeletal disorder characterized by multiple enchondromas principally located in the metaphyseal regions.
Terminology
Some authors make a distinction between Ollier disease and enchondromato...
Article
Describing a bone lesion
Describing a bone lesion is an essential skill for the radiologist, used to form an accurate differential diagnosis for neoplastic entities, and occasionally non-neoplastic. In addition to patient demographics, the radiographic features of a bone lesion are often the primary determinant of non-h...
Article
Physiologic periostitis
Physiologic periostitis describes the normal presence of smooth, bilateral, diaphyseal periosteal new bone formation along the humeri, femora, or tibiae of infants aged 1 to 6 months. It can be observed in both preterm and term infants. The etiology is unclear but may simply relate to rapid grow...
Article
Glenoid hypoplasia
Glenoid hypoplasia, also known as glenoid dysplasia and posterior glenoid rim deficiency 6, is a congenital condition resulting from the underdevelopment of the inferior glenoid ossification center.
Epidemiology
Although previously considered rare, there is increasing recognition of a spectrum...
Article
Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcomas are malignant bone-forming tumors. They are the second most common primary bone tumor after multiple myeloma, accounting for ~20% of all primary bone tumors. In children, they are considered the most common primary bone tumor 12. They can be classified into primary and secondary fo...
Article
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas (DCS) are malignant high-grade chondrosarcomas with a poor prognosis. They have a bi-morphic histomorphology of conventional chondrosarcoma and a non-cartilaginous high-grade sarcoma.
Epidemiology
Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas can develop in 10-15% of centra...
Article
Chondrosarcoma of the skull base
Chondrosarcomas of the base of the skull are rare compared with other skull base tumors but are an important differential diagnosis as surgical resection and management are affected by the preoperative diagnosis.
Epidemiology
Chondrosarcomas of the base of the skull make up only a small fracti...
Article
Solitary sclerotic bone lesion
Solitary sclerotic bone (osteosclerotic or osteoblastic) lesions are lesions of bone characterized by a higher density or attenuation on radiographs or computer tomography compared to the adjacent trabecular bone. However, a specific density range has not been specified for those terms 1.
Diffe...
Article
Chordoma
Chordomas are uncommon malignant tumors of the axial skeleton that account for 1% of intracranial tumors and 4% of all primary bone tumors.
They originate from embryonic remnants of the primitive notochord (earliest fetal axial skeleton, extending from the Rathke's pouch to the tip of the cocc...
Article
Central intermediate and high-grade chondrosarcoma
Central chondrosarcomas grade 2 and 3 (CS2/CS3) are malignant intermediate- and high-grade conventional chondrosarcomas that arise intramedullary 1-3.
Epidemiology
Similar to low-grade chondrosarcoma, the incidence of central intermediate and high-grade chondrosarcomas has also risen compared ...
Article
Chondrosarcoma
Chondrosarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignant cartilaginous tumors most commonly found in older patients. They can arise de novo or secondary to an existing benign cartilaginous neoplasm. On imaging, these tumors have ring-and-arc chondroid matrix mineralization with aggressive features...
Article
AAST spleen injury scale
The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) splenic injury scale, revised in 2018, is the most widely used grading system for splenic trauma.
The 2018 update incorporates "vascular injury" (i.e. pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula) into the imaging criteria for visceral injury 4...
Article
AAST liver injury scale
The AAST (American Association for the Surgery of Trauma) liver injury scale, revised in 2018, is the most widely used liver injury grading system 3.
The 2018 update incorporates "vascular injury" (i.e. pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula) into the imaging criteria for visceral injury 3.
Cla...
Article
AAST kidney injury scale
The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) renal injury scale, updated in 2018, is the most widely used grading system for renal trauma.
The 2018 update incorporates "vascular injury" (i.e. pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula) into the imaging criteria for visceral injury.
Cla...
Article
Adrenal adenoma
Adrenal adenomas (alternative plural: adenomata) are the most common adrenal lesion and are often found incidentally during abdominal imaging for other reasons. In all cases, but especially in the setting of known current or previous malignancy, adrenal adenomas need to be distinguished from adr...
Article
Enchondroma
Enchondromas, also known as chondromas 7, are relatively common intramedullary hyaline cartilage neoplasms with benign imaging features. They share histologic features with low-grade chondrosarcoma and are sometimes classified under the umbrella term low-grade chondral series tumors.
Enchondrom...
Article
Rings and arcs enhancement
Rings and arcs enhancement is an MRI enhancement pattern described as curvilinear post-contrast T1-hyperintensities. This pattern is generally observed in hyaline cartilage-containing tumors (e.g. enchondroma, chondrosarcoma)1,2
Pathology
This pattern is due to the enhancement of the capillari...
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