Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,918 results
Article
CT pancreas (protocol)
The CT pancreas protocol serves as an outline for a dedicated examination of the pancreas. As a separate examination, it is usually conducted as a biphasic contrast study and might be conducted as a part of other scans such as CT abdomen-pelvis, CT chest-abdomen-pelvis.
Note: This article aims...
Article
Cardiac iron overload protocol (MRI)
The cardiac MRI iron overload protocol encompasses a set of different MRI sequences for the cardiac assessment in case of suspected iron overload cardiomyopathy.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of a cardiac MRI protocol in the above setting.
Protocol specifics will vary dep...
Article
Choroid plexus carcinoma
Choroid plexus carcinomas are malignant neoplasms arising from the choroid plexus. They are classified as a WHO grade 3 tumor and while there is considerable overlap in imaging characteristics they carry a significantly poorer prognosis than both WHO grade 2 atypical choroid plexus papilloma, an...
Article
Breast ductography
Breast ductography (a.k.a. galactography) is an imaging technique which is used to evaluate lesions causing nipple discharge. It helps in precisely locating the mass within breast tissue and gives useful information for surgical approach and planning.
Technique
A blunt-tipped sialogram needle ...
Article
Duodenal ulcer
Duodenal ulcer is defined as injury to the duodenal mucosa, most commonly due to either medication or infection. These ulcers are a subtype of peptic ulcer disease.
Epidemiology
The incidence of duodenal ulcers ranges between 5-10% in developed countries. There is, however, evidence of decreas...
Article
Congenital pulmonary airway malformation
Congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAM) are multicystic masses of segmental lung tissue with abnormal bronchial proliferation. CPAMs are considered part of the spectrum of bronchopulmonary foregut malformations.
Terminology
Until recently, they were described as congenital cystic aden...
Article
Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH) may be seen as part of widespread involvement in patients with disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis or more frequently as a distinct entity in young adult smokers. This article focuses on the latter.
Epidemiology
Pulmonary Langerhans cell h...
Article
Lung-RADS
Lung-RADS (Lung Imaging Reporting and Data System), is a classification proposed to aid with findings in low-dose CT screening exams for lung cancer. The goal of the classification system is to standardize follow-up and management decisions. The system is similar to the Fleischner criteria but d...
Article
Glioblastoma NOS
Glioblastoma NOS (not otherwise specified) is a diagnosis in the 2021 WHO classification of CNS tumors and denotes a diffuse glioma with astrocytic features and anaplasia, microvascular proliferation and/or necrosis consistent with a WHO grade 4 tumor but with inconclusive or unavailable IDH mut...
Article
Mediastinal lymphoma
Mediastinal lymphoma is common, either as part of disseminated disease or less commonly as the site of primary involvement.
Epidemiology
Lymphomas are responsible for approximately 15% of all primary mediastinal masses, and 45% of anterior mediastinal masses in children 1.
Only 10% of lymphom...
Article
Interthalamic adhesion
The interthalamic adhesion, or massa intermedia, is a small variably present connection between the medial apposing surfaces of the two thalami that passes through the third ventricle. It is not a commissure as once thought, as it does not contain neurons; instead, it is composed of glial tissue...
Article
Investigating diplopia (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Diplopia, also known as double vision, is a visual symptom of seeing two images of a single object.
Reference article
This is a summary article; there is not a more in-depth reference article.
Summary
epidemiology
more...
Article
Aortic valve
The aortic valve (AV) is one of the four cardiac valves and one of two semilunar valves (along with the pulmonary valve). It allows blood to exit the left ventricle (LV) during systole by opening, and during diastole it stops blood exiting by closing.
Gross anatomy
The valve has left, right, ...
Article
Mitral valve
The mitral valve (MV) (or bicuspid valve) is one of the four cardiac valves. It is the atrioventricular valve that allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. It opens during diastole and closes during systole.
Gross anatomy
The valve has anterior and posterior leaflets, ...
Article
Dandy-Walker continuum
Dandy-Walker continuum, also referred to as Dandy-Walker spectrum or Dandy-Walker complex, corresponds to a group of disorders believed to represent a continuum spectrum of posterior fossa malformations, characterized by inferior vermian hypoplasia and incomplete formation of the fourth ventricl...
Article
Echogenic intracardiac focus
Echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF) is a relatively common sonographic observation that may be present on an antenatal ultrasound scan.
Epidemiology
They are thought to be present in ~4-5% of karyotypically normal fetuses. They may be more common in the Asian population 5.
Associations
trisom...
Article
Coronary arteries
The coronary arteries arise from the aortic sinuses immediately distal (superior) to the aortic valve and supply the myocardium with oxygenated blood. The arteries branch to encircle the heart, covering its surface with a lacy network, perhaps resembling a slightly crooked crown.
Gross anatomy
...
Article
Heart
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ of the middle mediastinum, designed to pump oxygenated blood around the systemic circulation and deoxygenated blood around the pulmonary circulation.
Gross anatomy
The heart has a somewhat pyramidal form and is enclosed by the pericardium. Its base (roughl...
Article
Magnetic susceptibility
Magnetic susceptibility is the ability of external magnetic fields to affect the nuclei of an atom. This may also be thought of as the “magnetisability” of a material, or the extent to which a material becomes magnetized when placed in an external magnetic field.
Magnetic susceptibility is rela...
Article
Gastric varix
Gastric varices are an important portosystemic collateral pathway, occurring in ~20% of patients with portal hypertension. They are considered distinct from esophageal varices in that they have a propensity to hemorrhage at comparatively lower portal pressures 1, and are also associated with hig...
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