Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

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Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome is(also known as purpura fulminans ⁹ or haemorrhagic adrenalitis ¹⁰) is characterised by adrenal insufficiency that results from atraumatic adrenal haemorrhage in consequence of septicaemia.

Pathology

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndromeis due to septicaemia and common infective agents include ⁵:

meningococcus: traditionally described cause
Haemophilus influenzae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Escherichia coli
Streptococcus pneumoniae

Radiographic features

Imaging features are often that of non-traumatic adrenal haemorrhage. The correct clinical context is vital in image interpretation.

History and etymology

It is named after Rupert Waterhouse, English physician (1873-1958)⁸, and Carl Friderichsen, Danish paediatrician (1886-1979) ².

-<p><strong>Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome </strong>is characterised by adrenal insufficiency that results from atraumatic <a href="/articles/adrenal-haemorrhage">adrenal haemorrhage</a> in consequence of septicaemia. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome<strong> </strong>is due to septicaemia and common infective agents include <sup>5</sup>:</p><ul>
+<p><strong>Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome </strong>(also known as <strong>purpura fulminans </strong><sup>9</sup> or <strong>haemorrhagic adrenalitis </strong><sup>10</sup>) is characterised by adrenal insufficiency that results from atraumatic <a href="/articles/adrenal-haemorrhage">adrenal haemorrhage</a> in consequence of septicaemia. </p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome<strong> </strong>is due to <a href="/articles/septicaemia">septicaemia</a> and common infective agents include <sup>5</sup>:</p><ul>
-</ul><h4>Radiographic features</h4><p>Imaging features are often that of non-traumatic <a href="/articles/adrenal-haemorrhage">adrenal haemorrhage</a>. The correct clinical context is vital in image interpretation.</p><h4>History and etymology</h4><p>It is named after <strong>Rupert Waterhouse</strong>, English physician (1873-1958), and <strong>Carl Friderichsen</strong>, Danish paediatrician (1886-1979) <sup>2</sup>.</p>
+</ul><h4>Radiographic features</h4><p>Imaging features are often that of non-traumatic <a href="/articles/adrenal-haemorrhage">adrenal haemorrhage</a>. The correct clinical context is vital in image interpretation.</p><h4>History and etymology</h4><p>It is named after <strong>Rupert Waterhouse</strong>, English physician (1873-1958) <sup>8</sup>, and <strong>Carl Friderichsen</strong>, Danish paediatrician (1886-1979) <sup>2</sup>.</p>

References changed:

8. RUPERT WATERHOUSE. (1958) British medical journal. 2 (5097): 694. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13572872">Pubmed</a> <span class="ref_v4"></span>
9. Varon J, Chen K, Sternbach GL. Rupert Waterhouse and Carl Friderichsen: adrenal apoplexy. (1998) The Journal of emergency medicine. 16 (4): 643-7. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9696186">Pubmed</a> <span class="ref_v4"></span>