Articles
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16,920 results
Article
Ecchordosis physaliphora
Ecchordosis physaliphora is a congenital benign hamartomatous lesion derived from notochord remnants, usually located in the retroclival prepontine region, but can be found anywhere from the skull base to the sacrum.
Terminology
There has been some controversy as to whether intradural chordom...
Article
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a cerebrovascular disorder caused by the accumulation of cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) in the tunica media and adventitia of leptomeningeal and cortical vessels of the brain. The resultant vascular fragility tends to manifest in normotensive elderly patients as lob...
Article
Astroblastoma, MN1-altered
Astroblastomas are rare glial tumors usually found in the cerebral hemispheres of young adults and children.
Terminology
The exact nature of astroblastomas remains to be fully elucidated. Tumors with compatible histological features have a variety of molecular characteristics and overlap with...
Article
Beta-hCG
Beta-hCG (bHCG or β-hCG) is a sex hormone found in the mother's blood serum that can be used to help interpret obstetric ultrasound findings.
Beta-hCG levels may be used in three ways in the clinical setting of pregnancy:
qualitatively, for presence/absence of fetal tissue
more often determin...
Article
Pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome
Pudendal nerve entrapment (PNE) syndrome is a rare and under-diagnosed condition associated with chronic pain, sexual dysfunction and impaired sphincter control due to pudendal nerve compression.
Clinical presentation
PNE commonly manifests as neuropathic pain in the genitals, perineum or anus...
Article
Gallbladder polyp
Gallbladder polyps are commonly occurring elevated lesions on the mucosal surface of the gallbladder. The vast majority are benign. They are best characterized on ultrasound as a non-shadowing endophytic growth into the gallbladder lumen.
Epidemiology
Gallbladder polyps are relatively frequen...
Article
Hunter syndrome
Hunter syndrome, also known as mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a rare genetic mucopolysaccharidosis disorder characterized by specific clinical features 1.
Epidemiology
Hunter syndrome is an X-linked recessive disease and therefore much more common in males. It is a rare disorder wit...
Article
Pulmonary cladophialophora infection
Pulmonary cladophialophora infections are a form of rare pulmonary fungal infection caused by Cladophialophora spp. such as
Cladophialophora boppi
Cladophialophora bantiana
Pathology
Cladophialophora is a genus of fungi in the family Herpotrichiellaceae with around 35 species described.
Th...
Article
Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
Lymphangitic carcinomatosis, or lymphangitis carcinomatosa, is the term given to tumor spread through the lymphatics of the lung and is most commonly seen secondary to adenocarcinoma.
Epidemiology
The demographics will reflect that of the underlying malignancy (see below).
Clinical presentati...
Article
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) is a term applied to a group of autoimmune inflammatory muscle disorders (myositis). Which specific disorders are included in this group has evolved over time, in particular with advances in discovery of myositis-specific antibodies 1,2.
Classification
Th...
Article
Dermatomyositis
Dermatomyositis is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, presumably autoimmune in etiology, which carries an increased risk of malignancy. It is considered a distinct condition to anti-synthetase syndrome.
Epidemiology
There is a recognized female predilection. It has a bimodal age of presentat...
Article
Tracheobronchomegaly
Tracheobronchomegaly, also known as Mounier-Kuhn syndrome, is a rare condition characterized by markedly dilated trachea and central airways, with recurrent infection.
Epidemiology
Mounier-Kuhn syndrome is most frequently seen in middle-aged men before the age of 50 years 1,6.
Clinical prese...
Article
Retroperitoneum
The retroperitoneum is the part of the abdominal cavity that lies between the posterior parietal peritoneum anteriorly and the posterior abdominal wall 4. It is C-shaped on axial cross-section with convexity projecting anteriorly in the mid-line.
Gross anatomy
The retroperitoneum is variably ...
Article
Stener lesion
Stener lesions are seen in the context of a torn ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the thumb's metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint (gamekeeper's thumb) resulting in an interposition of the adductor pollicis aponeurosis between the ulnar collateral ligament and the MCP joint.
Epidemiology
Stener l...
Article
Bladder inflammatory pseudotumor
Bladder inflammatory pseudotumor or pseudosarcomatous fibromyxoid tumor is a benign cause of bladder wall thickening that may be mistaken for malignancy.
Epidemiology
This entity is more common in adults, with a mean age at diagnosis of 38 years.
Clinical presentation
Patients present most...
Article
Extrusion index
The extrusion index, also known as the (Reimers) hip migration index, is a radiographic measurement of femoral head bony coverage by the acetabulum. It is useful in assessing for developmental dysplasia of the hip, femoroacetabular impingement, and assessment of hip subluxation in cerebral palsy...
Article
Williams-Campbell syndrome
Williams-Campbell syndrome (WCS) is a rare form of congenital cystic bronchiectasis, in which distal bronchial cartilage is defective.
Clinical presentation
Williams-Campbell syndrome may present with recurrent pneumonia, wheezing, pulmonary hypertension, barrel-chest deformity, and Harrison s...
Article
Azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava
Azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava (also known as the absence of the hepatic segment of the IVC with azygos continuation) is an uncommon vascular anomaly and is a cause of a dilated azygos vein.
Terminology
Spelling it "azygous" when referring to the vein is incorrect, regardless of...
Article
Cerebral ring enhancing lesions (mnemonic)
Convenient mnemonics for the causes of cerebral ring enhancing lesions are:
MAGIC DR or DR MAGIC
DR MAGIC L
MAGICAL DR
BITCHES / DITCHES
Mnemonics
MAGIC DR or DR MAGIC
M: metastasis
A: abscess
G: glioblastoma
I: infarct (subacute phase) or inflammatory (neurocysticercosis, tuberculoma)...
Article
Bilateral adrenal gland hyperenhancement
Bilateral adrenal gland hyperenhancement or intense adrenal enhancement is a finding on contrast-enhanced CT which can relate to hypotension, and forms part of the CT hypoperfusion complex.
The underlying mechanism is increased blood flow to the adrenal glands 7. In the arterial phase, enhancem...
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