Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,872 results found
Article
Wolman disease
Wolman disease is a rare autosomal recessive inborn error of metabolism resulting in the deposition of fats in multiple organs. This presents on imaging by hepatosplenomegaly and enlarged calcified adrenals.
Clinical presentation
Patients with Wolman disease typically present during the first ...
Article
Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum
Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum may be complete (agenesis) or partial (dysgenesis) and represents an in utero developmental anomaly. It can be divided into:
primary agenesis: corpus callosum never forms
secondary dysgenesis: corpus callosum forms normally and is subsequently destroyed
Epide...
Article
Pharyngeal plexus
The pharyngeal plexus lies on the posterolateral wall of the pharynx, mainly over the middle pharyngeal constrictor and is the main motor and sensory nerve supply to the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate and acts to coordinate swallowing and speech 1-7.
Summary
location: within the extern...
Article
Alpha angle (cam morphology)
The alpha angle is a radiological measurement proposed for the detection of cam morphology, which is sometimes associated with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI).
Terminology
The term alpha angle is also used in a separate and unrelated context in the evaluation of developmental dysplasia of ...
Article
Intestinal transplant
Intestinal transplantation is a surgical treatment for intestinal failure. It is one of the most rarely performed transplant procedures performed, exclusively involving the transplantation of donor small bowel to a recipient, with an ileostomy formation.
Due to the high risk of complications w...
Article
CT intravenous contrast media
Intravenous contrast media used in CT (often shortened to IV contrast) are a type of contrast media. These are a large group of chemical preparations developed to aid in the characterization of pathology by improving the ability of an imaging modality to differentiate between different biologica...
Article
Pelvis radiograph (pediatric)
The radiography of the pelvis in the pediatric patient varies greatly from the adult examination; particularly as specialized techniques are often required to immobilize the patient. To avoid future mobility and pain complications, it is essential to treat fractures and correct developmental pat...
Article
Practical radiography: A Hand-Book of the Applications of the X-Rays
The book Practical radiography: A Hand-Book of the Applications of the X-Rays was the first ever textbook on x-rays anywhere in the world. It was written by H Snowden Ward and first published in May 1896 by Dawbarn & Ward. This is a mere six months after Wilhelm Roentgen's discovery of x-rays.
...
Article
Valveless vein
The valveless veins are veins that lack venous valves. Most veins contain valves (known as the valvula venosa in the TA) to prevent backflow, i.e. ensuring that blood flow is always towards the heart 1.
It has been shown that veins that were previously thought to be valveless actually do have v...
Article
Prosthetic heart valve
Prosthetic heart valves are common. The four valves of the heart may all be surgically replaced. However, the aortic and mitral valves are the most commonly replaced.
Replacements may be tissue or metallic valves, only the latter being visualized on imaging investigations. Sometimes the annulus...
Article
Superior petrosal vein
The superior petrosal vein, also known as Dandy’s vein or simply the petrosal vein, is the largest vein in the posterior cranial fossa, draining the anterior aspect of the cerebellum and brainstem into the superior petrosal sinus.
Gross anatomy
Each superior petrosal vein is usually formed by...
Article
Cartilage injury (overview)
The term cartilage injury or articular cartilage injury summarizes a spectrum of different cartilage lesions that are usually used in the context of hyaline cartilage damage within diarthrodial joints.
In a narrower sense, the term cartilage injury describes types of articular injury with spari...
Article
Wearable biosensors
Wearable biosensors are portable electronic devices that enable real-time monitoring and feedback to the user on various biological and physiological indicators. It has been suggested that they could revolutionise personalised healthcare and home management of patients by enabling continuous mon...
Article
Rule of Spence
The Rule of Spence is a radiologic method to evaluate the likelihood of injury to the transverse atlantal ligament (TAL) on an open mouth AP (“peg”) radiograph. As originally framed, if the combined projection of the lateral masses of the atlas is more than 6.9 mm beyond the lateral masses of th...
Article
Embryonic growth discordance
Embryonic growth discordance is a term given to a twin growth discordance occurring during the early embryonic period. It is principally manifested by a discrepancy in crown rump length. It is considered independent of the chorionicity of the twins 5.
Epidemiology
Embryonic growth discordance...
Article
Reticuloendothelial MRI contrast agents
Reticuloendothelial MRI contrast agents can best be discussed in terms of those used for liver and spleen imaging and those for lymph node imaging.
Liver and spleen
The use of Gd-DTPA with routine imaging sequences of the liver is unsatisfactory. Particulate contrast agents targeted to the ret...
Article
Extraskeletal osteosarcoma
Extraskeletal osteosarcoma (ESOS) is a rare mesenchymal malignant tumor that occurs in the retroperitoneum and soft tissue of extremities without any attachment to bone.
Epidemiology
Extraskeletal osteosarcoma in contrast to other subtypes of osteosarcoma occurs infrequently in individuals und...
Article
Otsu's method
Otsu’s method, also known as Otsu's threshold algorithm, is an automatic thresholding algorithm used in image processing. The method separates pixels or voxels from an image into groups based on where their values are are in terms of the image histogram. The method finds threshold values that c...
Article
Percutaneous renal biopsy
Percutaneous renal biopsy, utilizing either ultrasound or CT, allows for an accurate, reliable method of acquiring renal tissue for histopathological assessment.
The biopsy may be of a native or transplant kidney. It is divided into two types:
non-focal or non-targeted
focal or targeted (i.e....
Article
Incisivus labii inferioris muscle
The incisivus labii inferioris muscle (TA: pars labialis musculi orbicularis oris) is one of the facial muscles. It acts as a supplementary muscle to the orbicularis oris muscle.
Terminology
The incisivus labii inferioris muscle is often omitted from major anatomical texts or articles on the f...
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