Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,877 results found
Article
Acromioclavicular joint injury
Acromioclavicular joint injuries, commonly shortened to ACJ injuries, are characterized by damage to the acromioclavicular joint and surrounding structures. Almost invariably traumatic in etiology, they range in severity from a mild sprain to complete disruption.
Epidemiology
Acromioclavicular...
Article
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a paradoxical thrombotic state resulting from an immune response to heparin, although the condition can rarely occur without heparin exposure.
Terminology
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) are unrelated conditions.
Epi...
Article
Annulus fibrosus
The annulus fibrosus (plural: annuli fibrosi) surrounds the nucleus pulposus and together they form the intervertebral disc.
Gross anatomy
The annulus comprises 15 to 20 collagenous (type I) laminae which run obliquely from the edge of one vertebra down to the edge of the vertebra below. The d...
Article
Stiff person syndrome
Stiff person syndrome, previously known as stiff man syndrome, is a very rare neuromuscular disease.
Epidemiology
Onset is usually between 30 and 50 years of age.
Associations
An association with autoimmune disease, in particular type 1 diabetes mellitus, and various malignancies is describe...
Article
Magnetically controlled growing rods
The method of magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGR) was introduced to avoid the morbidity of recurrent lengthening procedures, which are the basis of the treatment in traditional growing rods.
Procedure
As with traditional growing rods, they use spinal anchors (pedicle screws and hooks)....
Article
Genant classification of vertebral fractures
The Genant classification of vertebral fractures is based on the vertebral shape, with respect to vertebral height loss involving the anterior, posterior, and/or middle vertebral body as seen on lateral radiographs of the thoracic or lumbar spine 1.
Usage
The Genant classification has been use...
Article
Thoracic endovascular aortic repair
A thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is a type of endovascular aneurysm repair that involves the thoracic aorta.
Indications
It is a commonly applied treatment strategy for various thoracic aortic pathologies inclusive of both:
type A and type B thoracic aortic dissections
penetrati...
Article
Stent graft–induced new entry tear
A stent graft–induced new entry (SINE) tear refers to a new tear within an existing dissection flap caused by a stent graft placement. It excludes those arising from natural disease progression or iatrogenic injury from the endovascular manipulation. It is a potential complication from a thoraci...
Article
Empyema necessitans
Empyema necessitans (also sometimes spelled as empyema necessitatis) refers to the extension of an empyema out of the pleural space and into the neighboring chest wall and surrounding soft tissues.
Pathology
It may either occur due to the virulence of the organism or may be facilitated by prev...
Article
Fetal lung interstitial tumor
Fetal lung interstitial tumor (FLIT) is a proposed designation for a rare primary lung mass detected prenatally or when the patient is up to 3 months old.
Epidemiology
Fetal lung interstitial tumors have a slight predominance in boys 1.
Clinical presentation
It can present with varying degre...
Article
Rectal MRI (an approach)
Rectal MRI is a key imaging investigation in the diagnosis, staging and follow up of rectal cancer. An increase in the utility of rectal MRI as been driven by the recognition of the mesorectum as a distinct anatomic compartment containing and limiting the margins of the rectum, and forming a sur...
Article
Volume doubling time
The volume doubling time (VDT) is an important volumetric parameter primarily used in lung cancer screening and follow-up by chest CT. Volume doubling time is defined as the time required for a growing nodule to double its volume. A longer VDT suggests a more benign course, whilst a short VDT is...
Article
Pulseless electrical activity
The diagnosis of pulseless electrical activity (PEA), also known as electromechanical dissociation (EMD), refers to the presence during cardiac arrest of electrical activity of the heart, in the absence of a ventricular tachyarrhythmia, but no measurable cardiac output 1,2. PEA is one of the non...
Article
Transfer learning
The concept of transfer learning in artificial neural networks is taking knowledge acquired from training on one particular domain and applying it in learning a separate task.
In recent years, a well-established paradigm has been to pre-train models using large-scale data (e.g., ImageNet) and t...
Article
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is the most common type of head and neck cancer in the Western world 1. Typically it will be further categorized based on the specific anatomical location involved within the oropharynx, as this may affect prognosis and modality of treatment.
Epide...
Article
B-Flow
B-Flow is a type of ultrasound imaging that allows visualization of blood flow by selectively enhancing the signal from moving blood cells while simultaneously suppressing tissue signal 1. Unlike color Doppler, it does not show flow direction or amplitude.
B-flow is used clinically to image the...
Article
Flashlight sign (B-flow)
The flashlight sign is a B-flow vascular ultrasound sign caused by wall adherent and floating thrombi and emboli in arteries, which appear as bright spots on imaging.
Radiographic features
The flashlight sign is described as a moving, very bright intraluminal focus of signal on B-flow 1.
Prac...
Article
Noise power spectrum
The noise power spectrum (NPS), also known as the power spectral density, of a signal, is the Fourier transform of the noise autocorrelation. It gives the intensity of noise as a function of spatial frequency. It is used in all the main radiological modalities, most commonly x-ray-based, i.e. ra...
Article
Coronary artery bypass graft
A coronary artery bypass graft (CABG or CAG) is placed during a surgical procedure to increase blood flow to the myocardium due to coronary stenoses, usually caused by coronary artery disease. Arteries or veins can be grafted during this procedure.
Long term outcome of coronary artery bypass gr...
Article
Camptocormia
Camptocormia, also known as bent spine syndrome or cyphose hystérique, is a rare syndrome characterized by involuntary flexion of the thoracolumbar spine with weight-bearing which reduces when lying down, and is due to isolated atrophy of the paraspinal muscles.
Epidemiology
In a small case se...
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