Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,875 results found
Article
Frontal bone
The frontal bone is a skull bone that contributes to the cranial vault. It contributes to form part of the anterior cranial fossa.
Gross anatomy
The frontal bone has two portions:
vertical portion (squama): has external/internal surfaces
horizontal portion (orbital): has superior/inferior su...
Article
Mandible
The mandible is the single midline bone of the lower jaw. It consists of a curved, horizontal portion, the body, and two perpendicular portions, the rami, which unite with the ends of the body nearly at right angles (angle of the jaw). It articulates with both temporal bones at the mandibular fo...
Article
Gastric diverticulum
Gastric diverticula are sac-like outpouchings that most commonly originate from the posterior surface of the gastric fundus. They are the least common of the gastrointestinal diverticula.
Epidemiology
Gastric diverticula are rare and commonly detected incidentally. The incidence varies from 0...
Article
Prostate MRI (an approach)
Prostate MRI has become an increasingly frequent examination faced in daily radiological practice and is mainly conducted for the detection, active surveillance and staging of prostate cancer. This approach is an example of how to create a radiological report of a prostate MRI (usually mpMRI) wi...
Article
WHO grading system for diffuse astrocytomas
The WHO grading system is the most widely used system for grading diffuse astrocytomas (c.2022). It is an adaptation of the now-superseded St Anne-Mayo grading system (also known as the Daumas-Duport grading system).
Classification
Grade 1 is reserved for localized astrocytomas (see WHO class...
Article
St. Anne-Mayo grading system of astrocytomas (historical)
The St. Anne-Mayo grading system, also known as the Daumas-Duport grading system, introduced in 1988 was for a time a popular system for grading diffuse astrocytomas but has now been replaced by the WHO grading system which, however, was derived from the St Anne-Mayo system and thus shares many ...
Article
Muscle injury
Muscle injuries is a broad term encompassing many pathologies. They are common injuries in elite and amateur athletes as well as in the general population.
Clinical presentation
Typically, muscle injuries present with pain and loss of function. Clinically, they can be graded as 1:
grade 1: n...
Article
Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors
Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) are a set of published rules used to provide an objective measurement of tumor burden in response to conventional systemic therapy. They were introduced in 2000 (RECIST 1.0), with the latest revision in 2009 (RECIST 1.1).
Imaging findings of...
Article
Sagittal vertical axis
Sagittal vertical axis/alignment (SVA) is one of the simplest and most widely used methods to assess sagittal balance 1-3.
Measurement
This measurement is performed on lateral standing full-length spine x-rays. A plumb line is drawn vertically from the middle of the C7 vertebral body 1,2 or th...
Article
Spinopelvic balance
Spinopelvic balance is an important concept in adult spinal deformities. There are numerous ways of assessing spinopelvic balance, using various bony landmarks and angles to evaluate whether or not a normal distribution of weight and stresses is present through the axial skeleton, some incorpora...
Article
Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer ranks as the most common primary malignant tumor in men and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Prostatic adenocarcinoma is by far the most common histological type and is the primary focus of this article.
Terminology
The aim of prostate MRI is to det...
Article
PSA density
The PSA density (PSAD) is calculated at diagnosis and is the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level (ng/mL) divided by the prostate gland's volume (mL), resulting in a value in the units ng/mL2 1. Prostate volume is calculated from TRUS measurements, MRI measurements or, less commonly, rese...
Article
Lacrimal bone
The lacrimal bones are paired craniofacial bones forming the anterior aspect of the medial orbital walls.
Gross anatomy
The lacrimal bones have two surfaces and four borders. The lateral orbital surface is divided by a vertical posterior lacrimal crest with an anterior fossa for the lacrimal ...
Article
Ethmoid bone
The ethmoid bone is a single midline facial bone that separates the nasal cavity from the brain and is located at the roof of the nose and between the orbits. It is a cubical shape and is relatively lightweight because of its spongy construction and air-filled sinuses. It contributes to the ante...
Article
Tularemia
Tularemia is a rare and highly virulent febrile zoonotic bacterial infection caused by Francisella tularensis, which has been developed as a bioweapon by several countries. It can infect the skin and mucous membranes, lungs and intestine and cause systemic disease and death. Tularemia is a notif...
Article
Prostatomegaly
Prostatomegaly is a general term used to describe enlargement of the prostate gland from whatever cause. Usually, the prostate is considered enlarged on imaging when its volume measures >30 mL 3.
Terminology
The term prostatomegaly is often used interchangeably with benign prostatic hyperplas...
Article
Prostate
The prostate gland is the largest accessory gland of the male reproductive system. In adults, it typically weighs ~40 grams and has an average size of 3 x 4 x 2 cm 15. On imaging, the upper limit of normal is considered to be 30 mL 16. The prostate comprises 70% glandular tissue and 30% fibromus...
Article
Yasargil classification of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations
The Yasargil classification is one of the two common systems for classifying vein of Galen malformations that is currently in use at the time of writing (mid 2024).
Classification
type I: small pure cisternal fistula between the vein of Galen (voG) and either the pericallosal arteries (anteri...
Article
Sagittal balance
Sagittal balance, along with coronal balance, reflects the innate neutral standing position with C7 positioned over S1 1.
Pathology
Sagittal balance can change depending on various factors, including spinal deformities such as a loss of lumbar lordosis 1.
Radiographic features
Radiographic...
Article
Lasjaunias classification of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations
The Lasjaunias classification, at the time of writing (mid 2024), is one of the two commonly used systems for classifying vein of Galen malformations. It relies on dividing the entity into choroidal or mural types, depending on the number and origin of feeding arteries.
Classification
choroid...
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