Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,873 results found
Article
Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors
Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors or RECIST refers to a set of published rules used to assess tumor burden in order to provide an objective assessment of response to therapy. They were initially introduced in 2000 with revision in 2009 (RECIST 1.1).
For the evaluation of tumors treat...
Article
Water-soluble contrast challenge
A water-soluble contrast challenge (more widely known as a Gastrografin challenge) is a combined diagnostic study and therapeutic intervention utilized in the evaluation and management of small bowel obstruction. It is used when clinical or imaging features determine there to be small bowel obst...
Article
Dark-field computed tomography
Dark-field computed tomography is an emerging medical imaging technology. While conventional CT measures differential attenuation properties of the various tissues, dark-field CT utilizes their small-angle scattering (dark field) characteristics.
Physics
Instead of attenuation of x-ray photon...
Article
Abnormally thickened endometrium (differential)
Abnormally thickened endometrium on imaging may occur for a number of reasons which may be categorized based on whether or not they are related to pregnancy. Etiologies may also be classified based on whether the patient is premenopausal or postmenopausal.
Differential diagnosis
Pregnancy-rela...
Article
Congenital rubella syndrome
Congenital rubella syndrome is a spectrum of congenital abnormalities that result from primary maternal infection with the rubella virus. It falls under the TORCH group of infections.
It is important to note that reinfection/reactivation of maternal infection has a significantly lower risk of f...
Article
Retroperitoneal fasciitis
Retroperitoneal fasciitis (rare plural: retroperitoneal fasciitides) is a rare potentially life-threatening infection of the retroperitoneum. It is the retroperitoneal equivalent of necrotizing fasciitis or non-necrotizing soft tissue fasciitis, and just like its soft tissue counterpart, maybe n...
Article
Subglottic stenosis
Subglottic stenosis is a condition characterized by narrowing of the subglottic airway (region below the vocal cords). It can be congenital or acquired 1.
Epidemiology
Subglottic stenosis is the third most common congenital airway abnormality. The incidence of subglottic stenosis has decreased...
Article
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are the most common histologic type of head and neck cancer. While the term may include any squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, common usage focuses on those of mucosal origin, i.e., squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract...
Article
Zygoma
The zygoma (also known as zygomatic bone or malar bone) is an important facial bone which forms the prominence of the cheek. It is roughly quadrangular in shape.
Gross anatomy
Zygoma has three surfaces, five borders, and two processes.
Surfaces
anterolateral surface is convex, pierced at its...
Article
Simple bone cyst
Simple bone cysts (SBC) are common benign non-neoplastic lucent bone lesions seen mainly in childhood and typically remain asymptomatic.
SBC accounts for the 'S' in the popular mnemonic for lucent bone lesions FEGNOMASHIC.
Terminology
The term unicameral bone cysts (UBC) is no longer recommen...
Article
Multiple system atrophy cerebellar type (MSA-C)
Multiple system atrophy cerebellar type (MSA-C), previously known as olivopontocerebellar degeneration, is a neurodegenerative disease, and one of the clinical phenotypes of multiple systemic atrophy (MSA).
Terminology
It is important to note that the current belief that olivopontocerebellar d...
Article
Multiple system atrophy parkinsonian type (MSA-P)
Multiple system atrophy parkinsonian type (MSA-P), previously known as striatonigral degeneration, is a neurodegenerative disease, and one of the phenotypes of multiple systemic atrophy (MSA).
Terminology
It is important to note that the current belief that olivopontocerebellar degeneration, S...
Article
Multiple system atrophy
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a sporadic neurodegenerative disease (one of the synucleinopathies) characterized by varying degrees of cerebellar ataxia, autonomic dysfunction, parkinsonism, and corticospinal dysfunction.
Epidemiology
Multiple systemic atrophy is a sporadic disease, with a ...
Article
Hot cross bun sign (pons)
The hot cross bun sign refers to the MRI appearance of the pons when T2 hyperintensity forms a cross on axial images, representing selective degeneration of transverse pontocerebellar tracts and median pontine raphe nuclei 1.
It has been described in a variety of neurodegenerative and other con...
Article
Blooming artifact (MRI)
Blooming artifact is a susceptibility artifact encountered on some MRI sequences in the presence of paramagnetic substances that affect the local magnetic milieux. Although it is an artifact, it may be deliberately exploited to improve detection of certain small lesions, much as the T1 shortenin...
Article
Calcarine fissure
The calcarine fissure, or calcarine sulcus, is located on the medial surface of the occipital lobe and divides the primary visual cortex (a.k.a. calcarine cortex) into two halves.
The fissure is variable in course but is generally oriented horizontally, anteriorly joining the parieto-occipital...
Article
Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors of childhood, most often presenting as midline masses in the roof of the 4th ventricle with associated mass-effect and hydrocephalus. Treatment typically consists of surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with the prog...
Article
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), also known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS), is a neurotoxic state that occurs secondary to the inability of the posterior circulation to autoregulate in response to acute changes in blood pressure. Hyperperfusion wi...
Article
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease which results from the reactivation of John Cunningham virus (JC virus) infecting oligodendrocytes in patients with compromised immune systems.
It is considered the most common clinical manifestation of JC virus infecti...
Article
Inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy is an uncommon cerebral amyloid deposition disease, closely related to the far more common non-inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and can present as areas of vasogenic edema.
Terminology
The term "inflammatory cerebral amyloid angiopathy" can be ...
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