95 results found
Article
Aphthoid ulceration
Aphthoid ulcers are shallow ulcers of the gastrointestinal mucosa.
Pathology
Aetiology
infective inflammatory conditions
Yersinia enterocolitis
amoebic enterocolitis
cytomegalovirus enterocolitis
noninfective inflammatory conditions
Crohn disease
idiopathic granulomatous gastritis
vasc...
Article
Hirschsprung disease
Hirschsprung disease is the most common cause of neonatal colonic obstruction (15-20%). It is commonly characterised by a short segment of colonic aganglionosis affecting term neonates, especially boys.
Epidemiology
Hirschsprung disease affects approximately 1:5000-8000 live births. In short-...
Article
Intramural bowel gas
Intramural bowel gas, also known as pneumatosis intestinalis, refers to the clinical or radiological finding of gas within the wall of the bowel.
Terminology
There are different terminologies in the medical literature, such as pneumatosis intestinalis, pneumatosis coli, and pneumatosis cystoid...
Article
Babygram
Babygram is a radiograph that captures the newborn's entire body, including limbs.
Some authors refer to chest and abdominal radiograph of the baby as "thoracoabdominal babygram" 4.
Indications
Babygram is done in post-mortem studies of the stillborn foetus or after the termination of pregnan...
Article
Prostaglandin-induced cortical hyperostosis in infants with cyanotic congenital heart disease
Prostaglandin-induced cortical hyperostosis in infants is a well-known side-effect from the treatment of cyanotic congenital heart diseases. Prostaglandin-E1 (injectable form), and prostaglandin-E2 (oral form) are E-type prostaglandins (PGE), that are commonly used in newborns with cyanotic cong...
Article
Portal venous gas
Portal venous gas, also known as pneumatosis portalis, is the accumulation of gas in the portal vein and its branches. It needs to be distinguished from pneumobilia, although this is usually not too problematic when associated findings are taken into account along with the pattern of gas (i.e. p...
Article
Gastroschisis
Gastroschisis refers to an extra-abdominal herniation (evisceration) of fetal or neonatal bowel loops (and occasionally portions of the stomach and or liver) into the amniotic cavity through a para-umbilical anterior abdominal wall defect.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is around 1-6 per...
Article
Abdomen radiograph (paediatric)
The abdomen radiograph is a commonly requested examination in the paediatric patient. Children that present for abdominal x-rays are often very unwell, therefore specialised techniques and appropriate communication are essential for gaining the child's co-operation.
Indications
Performing abd...
Article
Intrauterine growth restriction
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or fetal growth restriction (FGR) is defined as an estimated fetal weight (EFW) and/or abdominal circumference (AC) at one point in time during pregnancy being below 3rd percentile or EFW and/or AC below the 10th percentile for gestational age with deranged...
Article
Pseudokidney sign (colonic carcinoma)
The pseudokidney sign is a non-specific sonographic sign that describes the reniform shape of a mass with a hypoechoic region (representing bowel wall thickening) surrounding a central hyperechoic portion or echogenic stripe (which represents the apposition of the mucosal surfaces) 1,2.
It can...
Article
Bowel perforation
Bowel perforation, either small bowel perforation or large bowel perforation, can occur in many different settings, but the more common are
bowel obstruction (both small and large)
bowel ischaemia
severe ulcer disease
diverticular disease
infection
malignant diseases
gastrointestinal tumo...
Article
Pneumatosis coli
Pneumatosis coli is a descriptive sign presenting radiographically as intramural gas limited to the colonic wall.
Terminology
There are different terminologies in the medical literature, such as pneumatosis intestinalis, pneumatosis coli, and pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. Pneumatosis in...
Article
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (differential)
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding usually occurs distal to the ligament of Treitz, and has a wide differential diagnosis:
diverticular disease
enterocolitis
infective
Crohn’s disease
ulcerative colitis
ischaemic colitis
vascular malformation
vascular ectasia
angiodysplasia
arteriovenous ...
Article
Typhoid fever
Typhoid fever or just typhoid is an infectious disease caused by the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi bacterium, usually spread by the orofaecal route. The condition is characterised by severe fever, acute systemic symptoms, with occasionally serious enterocolic complications.
Terminology
Do ...
Article
Neonatal pneumoperitoneum
The causes of neonatal pneumoperitoneum are different from adult pneumoperitoneum and include:
perforated hollow viscus
necrotising enterocolitis (NEC): most common
meconium ileus in cystic fibrosis
Hirschsprung disease
intestinal atresia or web
peptic ulcer disease
iatrogenic
intubation...
Article
Neuhauser sign (distal ileum)
Neuhauser sign refers to a soap bubble appearance seen in the distal ileum in cases of meconium ileus, related to the air mixed with meconium. It may be seen with barium enema if contrast passes beyond the ileocaecal valve or with small-bowel follow-through.
Although classically described with ...
Article
Intestinal failure
Intestinal failure is when a patient's native bowel is unable to digest and absorb the food, electrolytes, and fluids needed for normal growth and development.
Clinical presentation
This often includes intractable diarrhoea, weight loss, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and malnutrition.
...
Article
Medical abbreviations and acronyms (N)
This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter N and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order).
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R ...
Article
Medical abbreviations and acronyms (F)
This article contains a list of commonly used medical abbreviations and acronyms that start with the letter F and may be encountered in medicine and radiology (please keep both the main list and any sublists in alphabetic order).
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q...
Article
Respiratory distress syndrome
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a relatively common condition that occurs in preterm neonates resulting from insufficient production of surfactant.
Terminology
Respiratory distress syndrome is also known as hyaline membrane disease (this term is not favoured as it reflects non-specific...
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