Search results for “ophthalmology”
227 results
Article
Hollenhorst plaque
Hollenhorst plaques are seen on clinical examination of the retina and are the result of cholesterol emboli at the retinal arteriole bifrication 1. They most commonly originate from the carotid or aortic atheroscleroritc plaque 2. Hollenhorst plaques are a a risk factor for ischaemic stroke and ...
Article
Centrilobular pulmonary emphysema
Centrilobular pulmonary emphysema is the most common morphological subtype of pulmonary emphysema.
Epidemiology
It may be found in up to one-half of adult smokers at autopsy 1.
Risk factors
cigarette smoking
Pathology
The pathological process of centrilobular emphysema typically begins nea...
Article
Phakomatoses
The phakomatoses (also known as neurocutaneous syndromes) are a heterogeneous group of disorders most characterised by the involvement of structures that arise from the embryonic ectoderm (thus central nervous system, skin, and eyes), although other systems may also be involved.
Pathology
As a...
Article
Cherubism
Cherubism has historically been considered a variant of fibrous dysplasia, but is likely a distinct entity.
Epidemiology
Cherubism is a rare disorder and the precise incidence is unknown. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern 2 and has variable penetrance, with onset in early child...
Article
Orbital pathology
Orbital pathology covers a variety of diverse diseases that affect the orbit. The complicating factor is that the orbit is composed of a large number of different tissues which each have a plethora of pathologies that can affect them.
Classification
For simplification, they can be separated i...
Article
Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture
Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures, also known as tripod, tetrapod, quadripod, malar or trimalar fractures, are seen in the setting of traumatic injury to the face. They comprise fractures of the:
zygomatic arch
inferior orbital rim, and anterior and posterior maxillary sinus walls
l...
Article
Hypertelorism
Hypertelorism refers to an abnormal increase in distance between any two organs although some authors use the term synonymously with orbital hypertelorism meaning an abnormal increase in distance between the two eyes. The article mainly focuses on the latter. The abnormality is similar to teleca...
Article
Perinatal lethal hypophosphatasia
Perinatal lethal hypophosphatasia (PLH) is the most severe form of hypophosphatasia. If untreated, it is lethal in all cases.
Epidemiology
The estimated incidence is at ~1:100,000 live births.
Pathology
Genetics
As with all hypophosphatasia cases, this is due to a mutation in chromosome 1q3...
Article
Choroid (eye)
The choroid is part of the uveal layer of the eye along with the ciliary body and iris 1.
Summary
location: posterior aspect of the globe
function: vascularisation of the outer retina
arterial supply: posterior ciliary arteries
innervation: short ciliary nerves, long ciliary nerves
relat...
Article
Abducens nerve
The abducens nerve is the sixth cranial nerve (CN VI). It is a motor nerve responsible for abduction of the eye (TA: nervus abducens or nervus cranialis VI). It courses from the abducens nucleus, located in the dorsal pons, up to the cavernous sinus, via a long cisternal segment that is prone to...
Article
Neurocutaneous melanosis
Neurocutaneous melanosis or neurocutaneous melanomatosis, is a rare sporadic phakomatosis characterised by multiple congenital cutaneous naevi and meningeal melanocytosis/meningeal melanomatosis.
Epidemiology
Neurocutaneous melanosis tends to be diagnosed in the first few years of life with n...
Article
Basal ganglia T1 hyperintensity
There are many causes of basal ganglia T1 hyperintensity, but the majority relate to deposition of T1-shortening elements within the basal ganglia such as:
calcium
idiopathic calcification
calcium and phosphate abnormalities
hepatic dysfunction or bypass (specifically affecting globi pallidi...
Article
Staphyloma
Staphyloma refers to acquired thinning and weakening of the uveo-scleral layer of the eye with focal uveal protrusion. This outpouching has a smaller radius than the surrounding globe. Staphylomas most commonly occur posteriorly, temporal to the optic disc, in the context of myopia.
Clinical pr...
Article
Phthisis bulbi
Phthisis bulbi, also known as end-stage eye, is an atrophic scarred and disorganised non-functioning globe that may result from a variety of severe ocular insults.
Epidemiology
In general, phthisis bulbi involves older to elderly patients, usually 65-85 years of age 7. Children and adolescent...
Article
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe demyelinating diseases, which in seropositive cases, is caused by an autoantibody to the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel. The classic presentation of NMOSD is with the triad of optic neuritis, longitudinally extensive myelitis, and posi...
Article
Leukocoria
Leukocoria (also spelt as leucocoria or leukokoria) refers to an abnormal white reflection from the retina of the eye. Despite its colour, the reflection is related to the familiar red-eye effect. Usually, when a light is shone through the iris, the retina appears red to the observer. In leukoco...
Article
Coloboma
Coloboma is a collective term encompassing any focal discontinuity in the structure of the eye and should not be confused with staphylomas which are due to choroidal thinning.
Terminology
While coloboma is the collective term for any focal discontinuity in the eye's structure, many people use...
Article
Nasolacrimal injury
Nasolacrimal injuries are reported to be common and may result in temporary or permanent dysfunction.
Epidemiology
Fracture of the nasolacrimal apparatus has been reported in ~10% of patients with craniofacial fracture, with ~10% of these reporting symptoms of epiphora or dacryocystitis 1.
...
Article
Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome
Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (IHES) is a leukoproliferative disorder and refers to a situation when there is an unexplained prolonged eosinophilia with associated organ system dysfunction.
Pathology
Individuals have prolonged raised total leucocyte counts with raised eosinophil count...
Article
Anencephaly
Anencephaly is the most severe form of cranial neural tube defect and is characterised by an absence of cortical tissue (although the brainstem and cerebellum may be variably present) as well as an absence of the cranial vault. The morphological spectrum within anencephaly ranges from holocrania...
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