Search results for “multiple sclerosis”
36 results found
Article
Opticospinal multiple sclerosis
Opticospinal multiple sclerosis (OSMS) is a demyelinating disease and has been considered a variant of multiple sclerosis (MS) encountered in Asian populations, who are generally rarely affected by normal multiple sclerosis. It has similar clinical and imaging features to neuromyelitis optica (N...
Article
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe demyelinating diseases, which in seropositive cases, is caused by an autoantibody to the aquaporin-4 water channel. The classic presentation of NMOSD is with the triad of optic neuritis, longitudinally extensive myelitis, and positive an...
Article
Neurosarcoidosis
Central nervous system involvement by sarcoidosis, also termed neurosarcoidosis, is relatively common among patients with systemic sarcoidosis and has a bewildering variety of manifestations, often making diagnosis difficult.
For a general discussion of the underlying condition, please refer t...
Article
Transverse myelitis
Transverse myelitis, also known as acute transverse myelitis, is an inflammatory condition affecting both halves of the spinal cord and associated with rapidly progressive motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction.
MRI is the most useful imaging modality, which generally shows a long segment (3...
Article
Cervical spine protocol (MRI)
The MRI cervical spine protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the cervical spine.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the cervical spine. Protocol specifics will vary depending on MRI scanner type, specif...
Article
Thoracic spine protocol (MRI)
The MRI thoracic spine protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the thoracic spine.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the thoracic spine. An MR thoracic spine protocol might be combined with a cervical sp...
Article
Intramedullary spinal metastasis
Intramedullary spinal metastases are rare, occurring in ~1% of autopsied cancer patients, and are less common than leptomeningeal metastases.
Intramedullary lesions may result from:
growth along the Virchow-Robin spaces
hematogenous dissemination
direct extension from the leptomeninges
Epid...
Article
Systemic lupus erythematosus (CNS manifestations)
Central nervous system manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (CNS lupus), also known as neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), describe a very diverse range of neuropsychiatric manifestations that are secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the central nervous...
Article
Hypomyelination with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and leg spasticity
Hypomyelination with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and leg spasticity (HBSL) is a very rare inherited autosomal recessive leukodystrophy characterized mainly by progressive early-onset lower limb-predominant spasticity.
Epidemiology
HBSL is extremely rare, although the exact incidence ...
Article
Longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesion
Longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesions (LESCL), also known as longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM), represent extensive involvement of the spinal cord, with abnormal T2 signal traversing at least three vertebral body segments in length.
Differential diagnosis
They is a bro...
Article
Subacute combined degeneration of the cord
Subacute combined degeneration of the cord is caused by vitamin B12 deficiency.
Epidemiology
Most common in patients older than 40 years and especially older than 60 years 7.
Clinical presentation
The clinical presentation of subacute combined degeneration is usually with loss of vibration ...
Article
H sign (spinal cord)
The H sign is a radiological sign appreciated on MRI spine that is classically described in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD).
The sign describes the involvement of spinal cord grey matter as seen on axial T2 sequences in patients with myelit...
Article
HTLV-1-associated myelopathy
HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, also known as tropical spastic paraparesis, is primarily seen in Japan, Melanesia and the Caribbean and presents with chronic spastic paraparesis.
Terminology
This condition has been independently described in Japan (HTLV-1 associated myelopathy) and in the Caribb...
Article
Neurogenic bladder
Neurogenic bladder is a term applied to a dysfunctional urinary bladder that results from any lack of coordination between the central nervous system and the somatic nervous system 1, including injuries to the central or peripheral nerves that control and regulate urination. Injury to the brain,...
Article
Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL)
Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL) is a systemic genetic disorder affecting the cerebral small vessels, spine and hair follicles.
CARASIL is an HTRA1-related cerebral small vessel disease, and thus is closely related to, but dis...
Article
Brown-Séquard syndrome
Brown-Séquard syndrome, also known as hemicord syndrome, is the result of damage to, or impairment of, the left or right side of the spinal cord. It is characterized by a characteristic pattern of motor and sensory deficits that are determined by the decussation pattern of various white matter t...
Article
Gracile fasciculus
The gracile fasciculus, also known as the fasciculus gracilis (plural: fasciculi graciles) or column of Goll, represents the medial portion of the dorsal columns and carries input from below and including T7 1.
Function
The gracile fasciculus is responsible for transmitting vibration, consciou...
Article
Intramedullary spinal tumors
Intramedullary spinal tumors are rare, representing 4-10% of all CNS tumors and <10% of all pediatric CNS neoplasms 5. They account for 20% of all intraspinal tumors in adults and 35% of all intraspinal tumors in children 8.
A long duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis is typical.
Pathology
...
Article
Myelitis
Myelitis is a collective term simply referring to any inflammation of the spinal cord. It is a form of myelopathy.
The two major sub types include:
leukomyelitis
multiple sclerosis
ADEM
transverse myelitis
ideopathic transverse myelitis
secondary transverse myelitis: viral, neurosyphilis ...
Article
Lymphoma of the spinal cord
Lymphoma of the spinal cord is an uncommon manifestation of lymphoma. Although lymphoma more commonly involves the vertebral body (vertebral body tumors) or epidural compartment, intramedullary lymphoma may rarely occur.
Apparent intramedullary spinal cord lymphoma may often, in fact, represe...
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