Search results for “COPD”
548 results found
Article
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
Bronchial hyperresponsiveness or airway hyperresponsiveness consists of an increased sensitivity of the airways to an inhaled constrictor agonist. It has been described as a characteristic feature of asthma and has also been known to occur in association with other factors such as indexed body m...
Article
Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome
Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) is an airway inflammatory condition often defined as the sudden onset of asthma-like symptoms following high-level exposure to an agent such as corrosive gas, vapor, or fumes. Some publications suggest this a subset or variant of asthma 2-3.
Patients...
Article
Late-onset asthma
Late-onset asthma (LOA) is a form of asthma that precipitates in the adult or the elderly.
Epidemiology
The estimated age- and sex-adjusted incidence of newly diagnosed asthma in people older than 65 years at around 0.1% per year 1. There may be a greater female predilection.
Pathology
From...
Article
Pulmonary arterial atherosclerosis
Pulmonary artery atherosclerosis is less common than systemic arterial atherosclerosis in the thorax.
It has been shown to correlate with the following factors
age
right ventricular dilatation
right ventricular hypertrophy
pulmonary emphysema
aortic atherosclerosis
pulmonary hypertensio...
Article
Retrosternal airspace
The retrosternal airspace is seen as a normal lucency between the posterior aspect of the sternum and anterior aspect of the ascending aorta on lateral chest radiographs. This space normally measures less than 2.5 cm in width. Increased retrosternal airspace is a sign of pulmonary emphysema, whi...
Article
Excessive dynamic airway collapse
Excessive dynamic airway collapse (EDAC) refers to a dynamic form of central airway obstruction characterized by a decrease of ≥50% (some publications suggest >70% ref) in the cross-sectional area of the tracheobronchial lumen.
Terminology
Some authors consider an overlap with tracheomalacia, ...
Article
Unilateral pulmonary edema
Unilateral pulmonary edema represents only 2% of cardiogenic pulmonary edema with predilection for the right upper lobe and is strongly associated with severe mitral regurgitation 1,2. It is hypothesized that the regurgitation jet is directed towards the right superior pulmonary vein thus prefer...
Article
Bronchospasm
Bronchospasm refers to a sudden constriction of the bronchial wall muscles.
Pathology
It is caused by the release (degranulation) of substances from mast cells or basophils under the influence of anaphylatoxins.
It can be precipitated in many situations
certain forms of pulmonary edema
her...
Article
Chest x-ray review: ABCDE
Chest x-ray review is a key competency for medical students, junior doctors and other allied health professionals. Using A, B, C, D, E is a helpful and systematic method for chest x-ray review:
A: airways
B: breathing (the lungs and pleural spaces)
C: circulation (cardiomediastinal contour)
...
Article
Chlamydia pneumonia
Chlamydia pneumonia is a form of atypical pneumonia.
Pathology
It is caused by the organism Chlamydophila pneumoniae (a species of Chlamydophila) which is an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects humans.
Radiographic features
CT chest
Non-specific with overlap of features with pneu...
Article
Wilson Mikity syndrome
Wilson Mikity syndrome (WMS) refers to chronic lung disease in premature infants, characterized by early development of cystic interstitial emphysema (PIE). This is now sometimes considered as part of the spectrum of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
History and etymology
Almost 51 years ago, Wilson...
Article
Cheese workers' lung
Cheese workers' lung is a rare hypersensitivity pneumonitis due to the exposure of certain Penicillium species seen in people who work with mouldy cheese.
Clinical presentation
It can present as an acute pulmonary illness with fever and dyspnea. Clinical features are consistent with other form...
Article
Reid index
Reid index is a pathological measurement of mucosal gland proliferation in chronic bronchitis. It is assessed by comparing the thickness of the mucous glandular tissue versus the distance from epithelium to the level of cartilage.
An index of < 0.4 is considered to be within normal limits.
Case
Emphysema on chest x-ray
Published
08 Aug 2014
85% complete
X-ray
Case
Hyperinflation of the lungs
Published
08 Feb 2021
82% complete
X-ray
Article
Chronic granulomatous disease (pulmonary manifestations)
Pulmonary manifestations of chronic granulomatous disease can be seen in approximately 80% of cases of chronic granulomatous disease, which is a disease characterized by multiple bacterial and fungal infections occurring as a result of a defect in the gene that encodes NADPH oxidase.
The most c...
Article
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug exacerbated respiratory disease
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) exacerbated respiratory disease refers to the clinical constellation of 1,2:
hypersensitivity to aspirin (and other NSAIDs)
nasal polyposis / rhinosinusitis
asthma
Terminology
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) exacerbated respiratory d...
Article
Innominate artery compression syndrome
Innominate artery compression syndrome, also known as brachiocephalic artery compression syndrome, is a rare cause of tracheal stenosis that occurs in the pediatric population. It is due to abnormal compression of the anterior aspect of the trachea as the brachiocephalic artery crosses it.
Diag...
Article
Bilateral hypertranslucent hemithoraces
Bilateral hypertranslucent hemithoraces is the presence of decreased density of the hemithoraces bilaterally on a plain chest radiograph. This hypertranslucency, a.k.a. hyperlucency, may be focal or diffuse 1.
Also see unilateral hypertranslucent hemithorax.
Focal
pulmonary bullae
localize...
Case
Centrilobular emphysema
Published
09 Jun 2023
92% complete
CT
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