336 results
Article
Epidural blood patch
Epidural blood patches are a treatment option for patients with craniospinal hypotension or post-dural puncture headaches in which small volumes of autologous blood are injected into a patient's epidural space to stop cerebrospinal fluid leak. The procedure can be done blind or under imaging (fl...
Article
Trepanation
Trepanation or trephination, commonly known as burr holes, is the act of intentionally perforating the skull for the purpose of healing or diagnosis.
Indications
Emergency indications
evacuation of extradural or subdural hematoma
insertion of intracranial pressure monitor
insertion of exter...
Article
Virtual reality
Advancements of technology have enabled various simulated reality devices, including virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR). Both technologies provide stereoscopic and three-dimensional (3D) immersion of a simulated object. VR simulates a virtual environment while AR overlays simulated ...
Article
Galeazzi fracture-dislocation
Galeazzi fracture-dislocations consist of a fracture of the distal part of the radius with disruption of the distal radioulnar joint. A Galeazzi-equivalent fracture is a distal radial fracture with a distal ulnar physeal fracture 2.
Epidemiology
Galeazzi fractures are primarily encountered in ...
Article
AP Meary's angle
AP Meary's angle or AP talus-first metatarsal angle is used to assess for midfoot abduction/adduction in pes planus and pes cavus to assist with pre-operative planning 1.
Measurement
On a weight-bearing AP foot radiograph, a line is drawn down the longitudinal axis of the first metatarsal to ...
Article
Bowel obstruction
Bowel obstructions are common and account for 20% of admissions with "surgical abdomens". Radiology is important in confirming the diagnosis and identifying the underlying cause.
Bowel obstructions are usually divided according to where the obstruction occurs, and since imaging appearances, und...
Article
Myocardial viability protocol (MRI)
The MRI myocardial viability protocol encompasses a set of different MRI sequences for the assessment of myocardial viability.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of a cardiac MRI protocol in the setting of acute or chronic myocardial infarction.
Protocol specifics will vary de...
Article
Cervical lymph node metastasis (radiologic criteria)
Cervical lymph node metastases refer to regional nodal involvement by cancer in the head and neck, most commonly due to squamous cell carcinoma originating from the aerodigestive tract or skin. Radiologic detection of cervical lymph node metastases is important for clinical staging and planning ...
Article
Lumbar spine protocol (MRI)
The MRI lumbar spine protocol encompasses a set of MRI sequences for the routine assessment of the lumbar spine.
Note: This article aims to frame a general concept of an MRI protocol for the assessment of the lumbar spine. Protocol specifics will vary depending on MRI scanner type, specific har...
Article
Crawford classification
The Crawford classification system is used to classify thoracoabdominal aneurysms and has important therapeutic implications. Precise classification of anatomical features allows accurate risk stratification and appropriate operative planning 1,2.
Classification
The system divides thoracoabdo...
Article
Stress fracture
Stress fractures refer to fractures occurring in the bone due to a mismatch of bone strength and chronic mechanical stress placed upon the bone.
Terminology
A pathological fracture, although a type of insufficiency fracture, is a term in general reserved for fractures occurring at the site of ...
Article
Gadobutrol
Gadobutrol (also known as Gadovist/Gadavist) is an extracellular intravenous contrast agent used in magnetic resonance imaging.
cyclic, non-ionic molecule
100% renally excreted
T1 relaxivity at 1.5 T: 4.9-5.5 (slightly higher than other extracellular contrast agents)
concentration: 1.0 mmol...
Article
Intradural spinal mass lesions (an approach)
Intradural spinal mass lesions are relatively uncommon, compared to intracranial or extradural masses, and can be challenging to diagnose. Additionally, the need for a pre-operative/non-operative diagnosis is in many ways greater as biopsy of lesions within the cord has the potential of devastat...
Article
Occipital condyle fracture
Occipital condylar fractures are uncommon injuries usually resulting from high-energy blunt trauma. They are considered a specific type of basilar skull fracture, and importantly can be seen along with craniocervical dissociation.
Treatment of isolated injury is generally conservative, unless t...
Article
Mitral valve repair
Mitral valve repair or mitral valvuloplasty is a surgical method for treatment of a deficient mitral valve, which comprises removal of redundant valvular tissue and fixation of ruptured/elongated chordae tendineae rather than the whole replacement of the valve.
History and etymology
The first ...
Article
April Fools'
The Radiopaedia editors have had a recurring commitment to prank the collective radiology community each year on April 1, an informal holiday known as April Fools' day. Sometimes months in the planning and creation, the pseudo-pathologies depicted on imaging are an exciting annual project the ed...
Article
Gunshot injuries
Gunshot injuries are a type of penetrating trauma that often require imaging assessment, and this evaluation has both clinical relevance (assessment of organ damage, surgical planning, and prognostication), and often also forensic implications.
Epidemiology
Incidence of gunshot injuries to the...
Article
Inferior vena cava filter retrieval
Inferior vena cava filter retrieval is an endovascular procedure whereby a previously placed inferior vena cava (IVC) filter is removed.
Procedure
The procedure is performed under local anesthesia with fluoroscopic guidance. Venous access is usually gained via the internal jugular vein with di...
Article
Aorto-left renal vein fistula
Aorto-left renal vein fistula is an extremely rare complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture. The initial clinical presentation is often non-specific, however, characteristic imaging findings, if recognized early, can lead to prompt diagnosis and assist in surgical planning.
Epidemiolo...
Article
Folate deficiency
Folate deficiency (hypovitaminosis B9) is the most common vitamin deficiency in the Western world. It is especially important in pregnant women and common amongst alcoholics.
Epidemiology
Deficiency arises in two distinct populations:
increased demand (pregnancy and lactation)
decreased abs...
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