Search results for “also”
8,621 results found
Article
Migraine
Migraines are a common primary headache disorder and can present variably. Typically they consist of debilitating headaches, accompanied by an aura in one-third of patients.
Epidemiology
Migraine is a very common condition, with a 1-year prevalence of 12% 8. It is most prevalent in early-middl...
Article
Radial scar
Radial scar, or complex sclerosing lesion, is a rosette-like proliferative breast lesion. It is not related to surgical scarring. Some authors, however, reserve the latter term to lesions over 1 cm 5.
It is an idiopathic process with sclerosing ductal hyperplasia.
Its significance is that it...
Article
Elevated prolactin (differential)
Elevated prolactin can be due to a number of causes, including elevated production/secretion as well as reduced inhibition.
Prolactin is controlled by numerous homeostatic mechanisms, with tonic secretion of prolactin inhibitory hormone (dopamine) by the hypothalamus having a dominant effect 1...
Article
Ectopic posterior pituitary
An ectopic posterior pituitary reflects a disruption of normal embryogenesis of the posterior pituitary and is one of the more common causes of pituitary dwarfism. Although it can be an isolated abnormality, numerous other congenital central nervous system malformations have been identified. Whe...
Article
Pharyngeal plexus
The pharyngeal plexus lies on the posterolateral wall of the pharynx, mainly over the middle pharyngeal constrictor and is the main motor and sensory nerve supply to the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate and acts to coordinate swallowing and speech 1-7.
Summary
location: within the extern...
Article
Prosthetic heart valve
Prosthetic heart valves are common. The four valves of the heart may all be surgically replaced. However, the aortic and mitral valves are the most commonly replaced.
Replacements may be tissue or metallic valves, only the latter being visualized on imaging investigations. Sometimes the annulus...
Article
Superior petrosal vein
The superior petrosal vein, also known as Dandy’s vein or simply the petrosal vein, is the largest vein in the posterior cranial fossa, draining the anterior aspect of the cerebellum and brainstem into the superior petrosal sinus.
Gross anatomy
Each superior petrosal vein is usually formed by...
Article
Percutaneous renal biopsy
Percutaneous renal biopsy, utilizing either ultrasound or CT, allows for an accurate, reliable method of acquiring renal tissue for histopathological assessment.
The biopsy may be of a native or transplant kidney. It is divided into two types:
non-focal or non-targeted
focal or targeted (i.e....
Article
Pelvis radiograph (pediatric)
The radiography of the pelvis in the pediatric patient varies greatly from the adult examination; particularly as specialized techniques are often required to immobilize the patient. To avoid future mobility and pain complications, it is essential to treat fractures and correct developmental pat...
Article
Cartilage injury (overview)
The term cartilage injury or articular cartilage injury summarizes a spectrum of different cartilage lesions that are usually used in the context of hyaline cartilage damage within diarthrodial joints.
In a narrower sense, the term cartilage injury describes types of articular injury with spari...
Article
Reticuloendothelial MRI contrast agents
Reticuloendothelial MRI contrast agents can best be discussed in terms of those used for liver and spleen imaging and those for lymph node imaging.
Liver and spleen
The use of Gd-DTPA with routine imaging sequences of the liver is unsatisfactory. Particulate contrast agents targeted to the ret...
Article
Incisivus labii inferioris muscle
The incisivus labii inferioris muscle (TA: pars labialis musculi orbicularis oris) is one of the facial muscles. It acts as a supplementary muscle to the orbicularis oris muscle.
Terminology
The incisivus labii inferioris muscle is often omitted from major anatomical texts or articles on the f...
Article
Papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma
Papillary intralymphatic angioendothelioma (PILA) (also known - especially historically - as a Dabska tumor) is a rare, low-grade soft tissue tumor 1. The lesion is borderline-malignant and metastasis is distinctly unusual.
Epidemiology
Less than 40 cases have been reported in the global liter...
Article
Spinal epidermoid cyst
Spinal epidermoid cysts are cystic tumors lined by squamous epithelium. Unlike dermoid cysts, they do not contain skin appendages (hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands). They are usually extramedullary but rarely can be intramedullary. They may be congenital or acquired.
This article ...
Article
Twin reversed arterial perfusion
Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence is a rare complication of monochorionic pregnancies. It develops when the following conditions are present:
1. lack of a well-formed heart in one of the twins (so-called acardiac twin)
2. a superficial artery-to-artery placental anastomosis prov...
Article
Twin anemia polycythemia sequence
Twin anemia polycythemia sequence (TAPS) is considered a variant of the twin to twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) occurring in monochorionic twin pregnancies.
Epidemiology
TAPS may occur spontaneously in up to 5% of monochorionic twins and may also develop after incomplete laser treatment in tw...
Article
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a potential complication that can occur in a monochorionic twin pregnancy (either MCDA or MCMA).
Epidemiology
This complication can occur in ~10% (range 15-25%) of monochorionic pregnancies, giving an estimated prevalence of ~1:2000 of all pregnanci...
Article
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Primary hyperaldosteronism is a condition of excess aldosterone production and occurs secondary to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal cortical adenoma, or rarely, adrenal carcinoma. When primary hyperaldosteronism is due to aldosterone-producing adenoma it is called Conn syndrome 2,3,9. Diff...
Article
Brain arteriovenous malformation
Brain arteriovenous malformations are a type of intracranial high-flow vascular malformation composed of enlarged feeding arteries, a nidus of vessels closely associated with the brain parenchyma through which arteriovenous shunting occurs, and draining veins.
Terminology
This article correspo...
Article
Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors of childhood, most often presenting as midline masses in the roof of the 4th ventricle with associated mass-effect and hydrocephalus. Treatment typically consists of surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with the prog...
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