Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
719 results found
Article
Left triangular ligament of the liver
The left triangular ligament is a peritoneal suspensory ligament of the liver. It is formed by the fusion of the superior and inferior reflections of the coronary ligament.
It is shorter than the right triangular ligament and does not separate the left subphrenic space from the subhepatic space.
Article
Right triangular ligament of the liver
The right triangular ligament is a peritoneal suspensory ligament of the liver. It is formed by the fusion of the superior and inferior reflections of the right coronary ligament.
It is longer than the left triangular ligament and compartmentalises the right subphrenic and subhepatic spaces.
Article
LR2 cirrhosis-associated nodule
LR2 cirrhosis-associated nodules are defined as "probably benign" according to the LI-RADS classification system. They are a common finding in a cirrhotic liver and do not need to be mentioned in the report.
Radiographic features
The nodule must demonstrate all of the following:
diameter <20...
Article
Kaposi sarcoma
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a low-to-intermediate grade mesenchymal tumor that involves the lymphovascular system. The tumor can involve the pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous and musculoskeletal systems. Although it is often thought of as an AIDS-related condition, it may also be seen in other p...
Article
Cluster sign
The cluster sign is a finding on MRI and CT that is associated with pyogenic hepatic abscesses and can help differentiate pyogenic abscesses from other types of liver lesions.
Radiographic features
The cluster sign is best seen on MRI T2-weighted and postcontrast T1-weighted sequences. Small n...
Article
Chronic cholecystitis
Chronic cholecystitis refers to prolonged inflammatory condition that affects the gallbladder. It is almost always seen in the setting of cholelithiasis (95%), caused by intermittent obstruction of the cystic duct or infundibulum, or dysmotility.
Clinical presentation
Patients may have a histo...
Article
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses are diverticula of the gallbladder wall which may be microscopic or macroscopic. Histologically, they are outpouchings of gallbladder mucosa that sit within the gallbladder muscle layer.
Related pathology
They are not themselves considered abnormal but may be associa...
Article
Post-TACE assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Post-TACE assessment of hepatocellular carcinomas is essential for evaluating the success of the therapy.
Hepatocellular carcinomas that are not amenable to definitive therapy with thermal ablation or resection can be treated with trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE). The end goal may be pa...
Article
Abdominal distension (mnemonic)
A mnemonic for causes of abdominal distension (6 Fs) is:
F: fat
F: fluid
F: flatus
F: feces
F: fetus
F: fulminant mass
Article
Caput medusae sign - portal hypertension
The caput medusae sign is seen in patients with severe portal hypertension. It describes the appearance of distended and engorged paraumbilical veins, which are seen radiating from the umbilicus across the abdomen to join the systemic veins.
History and etymology
Caput is the Latin for head, ...
Article
Gallbladder ultrasound
Gallbladder ultrasound is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique used to evaluate the structure and function of the gallbladder as well as the adjacent anatomy.
Preparation
Patients are typically advised to fast for 6-8 hours prior to the ultrasound examination. This allows the gallbladde...
Article
Post-TARE assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Post-TARE (transarterial radioembolization) assessment of hepatocellular carcinomas is essential for evaluating the success of the therapy.
Hepatocellular carcinomas that are not amenable to definitive therapy with thermal ablation or resection can be treated with trans-arterial radioembolizat...
Article
Hyperechoic liver lesions
A hyperechoic liver lesion on ultrasound can arise from a number of entities, both benign and malignant. A benign hepatic hemangioma is the most common entity encountered, but in patients with atypical findings or risk for malignancy, other entities must be considered.
Benign
hepatic hemangiom...
Article
Fetal hepatomegaly
Fetal hepatomegaly (or more simply an enlarged fetal liver) can occur in number of situations. It can occur with or without fetal splenomegaly.
Pathology
Etiology
in utero infections: the commonest cause
fetal cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) 3
fetal parvovirus B19 infection
in utero syph...
Article
Hepatic osteodystrophy
Hepatic osteodystrophy is an often forgotten metabolic bone disease seen in patients with chronic liver disease, in particular cirrhosis, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis.
Cirrhotic patients have increased risk factors for developing osteoporosis such as hypogonad...
Article
Liver protocol (MRI)
Examination of the liver with MRI requires numerous sequences and imaging at multiple times after the administration of contrast.
Note: This article is intended to outline some general principles of protocol design. The specifics will vary depending on MRI hardware and software, radiologist's...
Article
Radiation-induced liver disease
Radiation-induced liver disease (RILD), also known as radiation hepatitis, represents the toxic effect of radiation therapy on normal hepatocytes.
This article will discuss liver toxicity appearances after external beam radiotherapy techniques. Please refer to the dedicated article on selecti...
Article
Primary hepatic lymphoma
Primary hepatic lymphoma (PHL) is very rare, with approximately 100 described cases. If it is being considered as a diagnosis, distant lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, bone marrow disease, and leukemia should not be present for at least 6 months after the liver tumor has been detected (see: second...
Article
Reticuloendothelial system
The reticuloendothelial system (RES) comprises a number of tissues:
spleen
bone marrow
liver Kupffer cells
Article
Point-of-care ultrasound (curriculum)
The point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core applications of ultrasonography in a point-of-care setting.
Point-of-care ultrasound refers to ultrasonography which may be simultaneously performed,...
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