Search results for “COPD”
246 results
Article
Broncho-arterial ratio
The broncho-arterial (BA) ratio is a descriptive parameter used in thoracic CT imaging. It is defined as the diameter of the bronchial lumen divided by the diameter of its accompanying artery 1. It is usually measured in the segmental to subsegmental artery level. Usually the measurement is made...
Article
Pneumomediastinum (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Pneumomediastinum describes air/gas within the mediastinum and is readily demonstrated on CT and may be seen on a chest radiograph.
Reference article
This is a summary article; read more in our article on pneumomediastinu...
Article
Diffuse airway narrowing
Diffuse airway narrowing can occur from a number of pathologies; these include:
relapsing polychondritis
ulcerative colitis
amyloidosis: tracheobronchial
sarcoidosis
granulomatosis with polyangiitis
tracheopathia osteochondroplastica
various infections including
tracheobronchial papillom...
Article
Assessment of bones and soft tissue on chest x-ray
Described below are points to consider on assessment of bones and soft tissue on chest x-ray.
ribs
rib fractures
lesions (most commonly metastases): may appear as lucent and/or sclerotic; inverting contrast may help in identification
previous surgery, e.g. thoracotomy with rib resection
ve...
Article
Three attenuation pattern
The three attenuation pattern or three density pattern was formerly known as the head cheese sign and refers to the presence of well-defined areas of decreased, normal, and increased attenuation on inspiratory CT 6.
Pathology
The resultant mosaic is due to lobular air-trapping with reflex hypo...
Article
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a classification of pulmonary edema where the underlying etiology is not due to left ventricular dysfunction. Causes include:
fluid overload
pulmonary edema with acute asthma
post-obstructive pulmonary edema/postintubation pulmonary edema/negative pressure ...
Article
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is a rare idiopathic condition characterized by widespread intra-alveolar deposition of spherical calcium phosphate microliths (calcospherites).
Epidemiology
A slight female predilection may be present in the familial form 2. Most cases are reported in Asia an...
Article
Human metapneumovirus pulmonary infection
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) pulmonary infection is a condition reported to cause mild to severe respiratory tract infection, particularly in children, immunocompromised patients, and the elderly 6.
Pathology
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), is an RNA virus and was first described in 2001. It is ...
Article
Surgical emphysema (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Surgical emphysema (or subcutaneous emphysema) occurs when air/gas is located in the subcutaneous tissues (the layer under the skin). This usually occurs in the chest, face or neck.
Reference article
This is a summary art...
Article
Pulmonary edema with acute asthma
Pulmonary edema with acute asthma is a rare non-cardiogenic cause of pulmonary edema.
Pathology
The air trapping which occurs in asthma results in a positive intra-alveolar pressure, thus decreasing the hydrostatic pressure gradient and may explain propensity for edema. The process may be asso...
Article
Unilateral hypertransradiant hemithorax
Unilateral hypertransradiancy is the correct term for the chest radiograph appearance of decreased attenuation affecting one lung. Hyperlucency is a commonly used alternative but is inaccurate; the chest is not penetrated by light!
An outside-in approach is helpful to identify the cause:
techn...
Article
Hamman syndrome
Hamman syndrome, also known as Macklin syndrome, refers to spontaneous pneumomediastinum with subcutaneous emphysema.
Epidemiology
It is a rare entity most often encountered in young adults, particularly in the peri- and postpartum periods 3.
Clinical presentation
Hamman syndrome is most com...
Article
Respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease
Respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD) is a clinical diagnosis. The CT features are indistinguishable from respiratory bronchiolitis (RB) and should be reported as such.
Epidemiology
In almost all cases, respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease is associated wi...
Article
Localized pulmonary hemorrhage
Localized pulmonary hemorrhage is a descriptive term for a pulmonary hemorrhage restricted to a particular focal region of the lung. It can range from involving a small focus of hemorrhage to a whole lobe.
Pathology
Etiology
Focal pulmonary hemorrhage can occur from a number of causes:
pulmo...
Article
Pulmonary cyst
A pulmonary cyst is any well-circumscribed gas-containing structure within lung parenchyma with a thin, typically regular wall. Occasionally a cyst may contain fluid or solid material instead of gas 10.
Terminology
The term ‘cystic’ denotes lesions with central gas attenuation contained by a w...
Article
Right middle lobe syndrome
Right middle lobe syndrome refers to chronic right middle lobe collapse, usually without an obstructing lesion (but not always). It is usually with associated bronchiectasis.
Epidemiology
Right middle lobe syndrome is usually encountered in older adults, with a predilection for women (see Lad...
Article
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), particularly affects preterm infants causing significant morbidity and mortality.
Terminology
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLDP) have often been used interchangeably to describe the condition post-treatment of premature i...
Article
Atelectasis (summary)
This is a basic article for medical students and other non-radiologists
Atelectasis describes small areas of collapsed lung. Atelectasis and collapse both describe the same pathophysiology, though atelectasis tends to be used to describe small areas of lung that are not fully expanded, whereas ...
Article
Congenital lobar overinflation
Congenital lobar overinflation (CLO), previously called congenital lobar emphysema, is a congenital lung abnormality that results in progressive overinflation of one or more lobes of a neonate's lung.
On imaging, it classically presents on chest radiographs as a hyperlucent lung segment with o...
Article
Drug-induced lung disease
Drug-induced lung disease can result from a number of agents and may have a myriad of presentations, ranging from an adult respiratory distress syndrome type picture to established pulmonary fibrosis.
Due to this, it can be extremely difficult to pinpoint the offending agent on imaging appearan...
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