131 results
Article
Thalamus
The thalamus (plural: thalami) is the largest of the structures comprising the diencephalon.
Function
The thalamus acts as a relay center, receiving and distributing information between the peripheries and higher centers such as the cerebral cortices. It contributes to functions such as:
cons...
Article
Stria medullaris (thalamus)
The stria medullaris is a fiber bundle containing efferent fibers from the septal nuclei, lateral preoptico-hypothalamic region, and anterior thalamic nuclei to the habenula. It forms a horizontal ridge on the medial surface of the thalamus.
Article
Basal ganglia and thalamus signal abnormalities
Basal ganglia and thalamus signal abnormalities occur in a wide variety of conditions. Ischemia/hypoxia, metabolic disorders and toxins, particularly those that affect the respiratory chain, have a predilection for affecting the basal ganglia as they are highly metabolically active.
They can b...
Article
Déjerine-Roussy syndrome
Déjerine-Roussy syndrome, or thalamic pain syndrome, is a type of central post-stroke pain syndrome caused by a stroke to the thalamus.
This syndrome should not be confused with Déjerine syndrome or Déjerine-Sottas syndrome.
Epidemiology
Approximately 25% of all patients with sensory strokes...
Article
Papez circuit
The Papez circuit is a fundamental component of the limbic system. It is closed neural circuitry that starts and ends in the hippocampus. It is also known as the medial limbic circuit.
Gross anatomy
The Papez circuit involves different structures of the brain including 2:
hippocampus and adja...
Article
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that results in rapidly progressive dementia and death usually within a year from onset. The vast majority are sporadic, but familial and acquired forms are occasionally encountered.
On imaging, it classically manifest...
Article
Velum interpositum
The velum interpositum is a small membrane containing a potential space just above and anterior to the pineal gland which can become enlarged to form a cavum veli interpositi.
Gross anatomy
The velum interpositum is formed by an invagination of pia mater forming a triangular membrane the apex...
Article
Choroidal fissure
The choroidal fissure, or choroid fissure, is a cleft of the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere running immediately above the hippocampus and extends around the thalamus to the interventricular foramen of Monroe. It forms the medial wall of the lateral ventricle and attachment site for th...
Article
Uremic encephalopathy
Uremic encephalopathy is an acquired toxic syndrome characterized by delirium in patients with untreated or inadequately treated acute or chronic kidney disease 13. Uremic encephalopathy is often associated with lethargy and confusion in the acute phase, which can progress to seizures, coma, or ...
Article
Artery of Percheron
The artery of Percheron is a variant of the posterior cerebral circulation characterized by a solitary arterial trunk that supplies blood to the paramedian thalami and the rostral midbrain bilaterally. From the original classification of arterial patterns at the origin of the paramedian arteries...
Article
Fornix (brain)
The fornix (plural: fornices) is the main efferent system of the hippocampus and an important part of the limbic system. It is one of the commissural fibers connecting the cerebral hemispheres.
Gross anatomy
Roughly C-shaped, the fornix extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies of ...
Article
Thalamic infarct
Thalamic infarcts refer to ischemic strokes that affect the subcortical grey matter complex of nuclei known as the thalamus.
Epidemiology
Pure thalamic infarcts are reported to make up 3-4% of ischemic strokes 1.
Risk factors
Most of the risk factors are common to all types of ischemic stro...
Article
Patterns of neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury
Neonatal hypoxic ischemic brain injuries can manifest in different patterns of involvement depending on the severity and timing of the insult. When considering the perinatal maturation process of the brain and the severity of an insult, it is possible to understand the various manifestations.
T...
Article
Internal capsule
The internal capsule (TA: capsula interna) is a deep subcortical structure that contains a concentration of afferent and efferent white matter projection fibers. Anatomically, this is an important area because of the high concentration of both motor and sensory projection fibers 1,2. Afferent fi...
Article
Stern-Garcin variant of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
The Stern-Garcin variant of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a phenotypical variant characterized by prominent early extrapyramidal symptoms, such as parkinsonism 1.
Radiographic features
MRI
MRI shows early involvement of the basal ganglia (striatum) and thalamus, in addition to o...
Article
Huntington disease
Huntington disease (HD), also known as Huntington chorea, is an autosomal dominant trinucleotide repeat neurodegenerative disease characterized by a loss of GABAergic neurons of the basal ganglia, especially atrophy of the caudate nucleus and putamen (dorsal striatum). Huntington disease is clin...
Article
Transverse fissure
The transverse fissure (of Bichat) is the cerebral fissure that extends laterally from the ambient cistern towards the hippocampus.
Gross anatomy
The transverse fissure is the lateral extension of the ambient cistern that connects with the choroidal fissure superolaterally and hippocampal fiss...
Article
Tumefactive perivascular spaces
Tumefactive perivascular spaces are a rare finding of enlargement of perivascular spaces. It is important to recognize this condition as it can be easily mistaken for a neoplasm and also rarely local mass effect from TPVS can result in a complication.
Clinical presentation
Small case series of...
Article
Aceruloplasminemia
Aceruloplasminemia is an autosomal recessive type of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation and disorder of iron metabolism caused by a mutation in the ceruloplasmin (CP) gene resulting in the production of dysfunctional ceruloplasmin.
Epidemiology
Aceruloplasminemia is a very rare dis...
Article
Deep brain stimulation
Deep brain stimulation is used in a variety of clinical settings, predominantly in patients with poorly controlled movement disorders. Although effective, its exact mode of function continues to be poorly understood 2.
Careful patient selection and target selection are essential if the proced...
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