Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
1,109 results found
Article
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHDS), also known as folliculin gene-associated syndrome, is a multi-system disease characterized by:
cutaneous manifestations, typically fibrofolliculomas
multiple lung cysts and spontaneous pneumothoraces
increased risk of renal tumors in some families, typically ch...
Article
PSA velocity
The PSA velocity (PSAV) is a statistically derived measure of how prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels change over time and has been used as a marker of how prostate cancer progresses or regresses.
Calculation
Calculating PSA velocity, or similar measures of PSA kinetics, is fraught with di...
Article
Urinoma
Urinomas, or uriniferous fluid collections, are urine collections usually found in the retroperitoneum, most commonly in the perirenal space, as a consequence of renal tract leakage caused by urinary obstruction, trauma, or post-instrumentation.
Terminology
As there is no definitive distincti...
Article
Spontaneous rupture of the renal pelvis
Spontaneous rupture of the renal pelvis, also known as pyelosinus backflow, is a rare complication that can occasionally occur with obstructive urolithiasis (usually in the distal third of the ureter) or occasionally infection 1. Leakage of urine can result in a urinoma, and there is an increase...
Article
Male urethra
The male urethra is a fibromuscular tube that drains urine from the bladder. It has a longer, more complicated, course than the female urethra and is also more prone to pathology.
Gross anatomy
The male urethra measures, on average, 18-20 cm in length 6. It commences at the internal urethral o...
Article
Nephrostomy
Nephrostomy is a common urologic or interventional radiology procedure in which a tube/catheter is introduced into the renal collecting system (usually the renal pelvis).
Nephrostomies can either be
"open" nephrostomy: after a urological surgical procedure, such as a UPJ stone removal
these t...
Article
Ileovesicostomy
Ileovesicostomy (also known as "cutaneous ileocystostomy", "ileal chimney", or "bladder chimney") is an uncommon urologic diversion in which a loop of small bowel is anastomosed/augmented to the dome of the bladder. This loop of bowel then exits through a urostomy. The diversion is not continent...
Article
Stoma
A stoma (plural stomata) is defined as an artificially created connection between two hollow organs or a hollow organ and the skin. A surgical procedure that involves the creation of a stoma carries the suffix "-ostomy".
For a discussion of imaging features and potential complications, please r...
Article
Renal abscess
Renal abscess is a collection of infective fluid in the kidney. It is usually a sequela of acute pyelonephritis, where severe vasospasm and inflammation may occasionally result in liquefactive necrosis and abscess formation.
Epidemiology
It can affect all ages and has no recognized gender pred...
Article
Lobar nephronia
Lobar nephronia, also known as acute focal nephritis, refers to an intermediate stage between acute pyelonephritis and renal abscess, and is a focal region of interstitial nephritis.
It appears as a wedge of poorly perfused renal parenchyma, without a cortical rim sign.
The condition is discu...
Article
Steinstrasse
Steinstrasse [stīn′shtra-se] is the German word for "stone street", describing a possible complication of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for urinary tract calculi, wherein a column of stone fragments forms that blocks the ureter.
Terminology
The term steinstrasse can equally, alb...
Article
Bladder calculus
Bladder calculi, commonly referred to as bladder stones, are urinary stones that are found primarily in the urinary bladder and comprise only 5% of all urinary tract stones. They can be divided into primary, secondary, and migratory stones:
primary: bladder stones form in the absence of other u...
Article
Cystic nephroma
Cystic nephromas, previously known as multilocular cystic nephromas, are rare benign renal neoplasms classically occurring in adult females in the 4th and 5th decades. As of the 2016 WHO classification, they are considered distinct from pediatric cystic nephromas which have associated DICER1 gen...
Article
Ureteral stricture
Ureteral or ureteric strictures are narrowing of the ureter that result in functional obstruction. They can occur anywhere along the ureter but are commonly seen at the ureteropelvic junction.
Epidemiology
The incidence of post-ureteroscopy strictures has increased from 0.5 to 1.4% 1,2. Studie...
Article
Adrenal adenoma
Adrenal adenomas (alternative plural: adenomata) are the most common adrenal lesion and are often found incidentally during abdominal imaging for other reasons. In all cases, but especially in the setting of known current or previous malignancy, adrenal adenomas need to be distinguished from adr...
Article
Brucellosis
Brucellosis is a global zoonotic infection secondary to any of the four Brucella spp. that infect humans. It can be focal or systemic but has a particular affinity for the musculoskeletal system.
Epidemiology
Brucellosis occurs worldwide but is particularly prevalent in Mediterranean regions,...
Article
AAST kidney injury scale
The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) renal injury scale, updated in 2018, is the most widely used grading system for renal trauma.
The 2018 update incorporates "vascular injury" (i.e. pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula) into the imaging criteria for visceral injury.
Cla...
Article
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), previously known as Wegener granulomatosis, is a multisystem necrotizing non-caseating granulomatous c-ANCA positive vasculitis affecting small to medium-sized arteries, capillaries, and veins, with a predilection for the respiratory system and kidneys.
T...
Article
Peritoneal dialysis catheter
A peritoneal dialysis catheter is a flexible tube designed for peritoneal dialysis, the most well-known and widely-used being the Tenckhoff catheter.
From an MRI perspective, the Tenckhoff catheter has an extraperitoneal tungsten tip which is MRI-compatible, however, it will cause some suscept...
Article
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is a type of non-heritable pediatric cystic renal disease. It results in multiple cysts being formed in utero in the affected kidney.
Epidemiology
Unilateral incidence is estimated at 1:2500-4000. There may be a predisposition for the left kidney, a slightl...
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