Items tagged “cases”
5,551 results
Article
External carotid artery
The external carotid artery (ECA) is one of the two terminal branches of the common carotid artery that has many branches that supplies the structures of the neck, face and head. The other terminal branch is the internal carotid (ICA), which is somewhat larger than the ECA, which supplies the in...
Article
Occipital artery
The occipital artery is a branch of the external carotid artery in the neck. It sweeps an oblique posterosuperior course under the skull base to supply regions of the upper neck, occiput and posterior fossa.
Summary
origin: posterior from the proximal external carotid artery
termination: post...
Article
Varicocele embolization
Varicocele embolization is a minimally invasive method of treating varicoceles by embolizing the testicular vein (internal spermatic veins).
Indications
symptomatic varicocele
infertility/subfertility
failed surgical ligation
Contraindications
Relative contraindications include:
intraveno...
Article
Maxillary artery
The (internal) maxillary artery is the larger of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery.
Origin and course
The maxillary artery's origin is behind the neck of the mandible, at first, it is embedded in the substance of the parotid gland. From there it passes anterior between ...
Article
Mental artery
The mental artery is a terminal branch of the inferior alveolar artery which itself is a branch of the first part of the maxillary artery. It emerges onto the face from the mandibular canal with the mental nerve at the mental foramen, and supplies muscles and skin in the chin region. The mental ...
Article
Endotension
Endotension, also referred to as a type V endoleak, is not a true leak but is defined as continued expansion of the aneurysm sac greater than 5 mm after endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) without radiographic evidence of a leak site / demonstrable type I-IV endoleak
Pathology
It is a poorly un...
Article
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (differential)
An upper gastrointestinal bleed usually refers to bleeding proximal to the ligament of Treitz.
Pathology
Aetiolology
peptic ulcer
gastritis
esophagitis
duodenitis
Mallory-Weiss tear
varices
tumor
vascular abnormality
vascular ectasia
angiodysplasia
Dieulafoy lesion
vascular malform...
Article
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (differential)
Lower gastrointestinal bleeding usually occurs distal to the ligament of Treitz, and has a wide differential diagnosis:
diverticular disease
enterocolitis
infective
Crohn’s disease
ulcerative colitis
ischemic colitis
vascular malformation
vascular ectasia
angiodysplasia
arteriovenous m...
Article
Bouthillier classification of internal carotid artery segments
Alain Bouthillier et al. described a seven segment internal carotid artery classification system in 1996 1. It remains the most widely used system for describing the internal carotid artery segments.
A helpful mnemonic for remembering ICA segments is:
C'mon Please Learn Carotid Clinical Organ...
Article
Small for dates fetus
A small for dates fetus can result from a number of factors.
Pathology
Etiology
Fetal factors
aneuploidy
trisomy
triploidy
skeletal dysplasia(s)
structural anomalies (syndromes)
Maternal factors
Common
hypertension
medication(s):
fetal Warfarin syndrome
hydantoin embryopathy (Dilan...
Article
Rathke pouch
Rathke pouch, also known as hypophyseal diverticulum, is an ectodermal outpouching of stomodeum (primitive oral cavity lined by ectoderm) which forms at approximately 3-4 weeks gestation and goes on to form the adenohypophysis of the pituitary gland.
Gross anatomy
The anterior wall of the pouc...
Article
Labyrinth of ethmoid bone
The labyrinth or lateral mass of the ethmoid bone consists of a number of thin-walled cellular cavities, the ethmoidal air cells, arranged in two groups: anterior and posterior, and interposed between two vertical plates of bone; the lateral plate forms part of the orbit, the medial, part of the...
Article
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), less commonly known as stuck twin syndrome, is a potential complication that can occur in a monochorionic twin pregnancy (either MCDA or MCMA).
Epidemiology
This complication can occur in ~10% (range 15-25%) of monochorionic pregnancies, giving an est...
Article
Oligohydramnios
Oligohydramnios refers to a situation where the amniotic fluid volume is less than expected for gestational age. Often these fetuses have <500 mL of amniotic fluid. When there is almost no amniotic fluid present, this is termed anhydramnios.
Epidemiology
The estimated prevalence can be up to ~...
Article
Causes of oligohydramnios (mnemonic)
A helpful mnemonic for remembering some causes of oligohydramnios is:
DRIPPC
Mnemonic
D: demise
R: renal abnormalities (decreased urine output)
I: IUGR
P: premature rupture of membranes
P: post-dates
C: chromosomal anomalies
Article
Pericallosal moustache
The pericallosal moustache is formed by small branches from the pericallosal arteries and their accompanying veins. These form what appears to be an upturned well groomed moustache (not unlike Salvador Dali) and outline the superior surface of the corpus callosum (pericallosal cistern).
Article
Vagina
The vagina is a midline fibromuscular tubular organ positioned in the female perineum extending superiorly from the vulva, to the cervix and uterus in the pelvis.
Gross anatomy
The vagina is 6-8 cm in length, extending posterosuperior from the vestibule through the urogenital diaphragm to the...
Article
Deviated nasal septum
Deviated nasal septums are a common, usually incidental, finding seen on brain and paranasal sinus CT studies. They are commonly seen with external nose deformities.
Clinical presentation
Symptomatic patients can present with unilateral nasal obstruction or less commonly epistaxis, obstructiv...
Article
Flat waist sign
The flat waist sign refers to flattening of the left heart border, specifically the contours of the aortic arch and adjacent pulmonary trunk. It is seen in severe left lower lobe collapse and is caused by leftward displacement and rotation of the heart.
It is different to the straight left hear...
Article
CT angiogram sign (lungs)
The CT angiogram sign refers to normally enhancing pulmonary vessels appearing prominent on contrast-enhanced CT as they traverse an airless low attenuation portion of the consolidated lung relative to the chest wall musculature 1,2.
This sign has been associated with both benign and malignant ...