Items tagged “cases”
5,552 results
Article
Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumors
Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumors (RGNTs) are rare, usually midline, tumors that involve the fourth ventricle and/or aqueduct of Sylvius.
Although relatively well-circumscribed on MRI and clinically indolent, they often invade surrounding tissues, involving the cerebellum, pons and even the ...
Article
Rotator cuff
The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles and their tendons, important in stabilizing the glenohumeral joint:
supraspinatus: abduction
infraspinatus: external rotation
teres minor: external rotation
subscapularis: internal rotation
Other structures that stabilize the glenohumeral joint in...
Article
Rotator cuff interval
The rotator cuff interval is a triangular space between the tendons of subscapularis and supraspinatus and the base of the coracoid process.
Gross anatomy
The combination of the coracohumeral ligament and superior glenohumeral ligament has a complex relationship with the long head of biceps te...
Article
Rotator cuff tear grading (MRI)
One method of grading rotator cuff tears on MRI is as follows:
grade 0: normal
grade I: increased T2 signal with normal morphology
grade II: increased T2 signal with abnormal morphology (thickening, or irregularity of the tendon)
grade III: defined tear (e.g. partial or full-thickness, compl...
Article
Salter-Harris fracture classification (mnemonic)
Useful mnemonics for remembering the Salter-Harris classification system are:
SALTR
SMACK
SMETI
Fortunately, this is also the order of prognosis (from best to worse)
Mnemonics
SALTR
S: slipped (type I)
A: above or away from joint (type II)
L: lower (type III)
T: through or transverse o...
Article
Oral cavity carcinoma (staging)
Oral cavity carcinoma staging refers to TNM staging of carcinomas involving the oral cavity. The vast majority of applicable cases are squamous cell carcinomas, but other epithelial and minor salivary gland cancers are also included. The following article reflects the 8th edition published by th...
Article
Saber-sheath trachea
Saber-sheath trachea refers to a diffuse coronal narrowing of the intrathoracic portion of the trachea with the concomitant widening of the sagittal diameter. It is not uncommon and is pathognomonic for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 1.
The sagittal:coronal diameter is over 2:1 2...
Article
Sacroiliac joint injection
Sacroiliac joint injections can be performed using a posterior approach into the sacroiliac (SI) joint under fluoroscopic or CT guidance. It is often performed bilaterally.
Indications
diagnostic: relief of pain after injection of local anesthetic
therapeutic: to relieve pain from degenerativ...
Article
Sentinel loop
A sentinel loop is a short segment of adynamic ileus close to an intra-abdominal inflammatory process. It is usually identified on abdominal radiography 4 and CT 3.
The sentinel loop sign may aid in localizing the source of inflammation. For example, a sentinel loop in the upper abdomen may ind...
Article
Sergeant stripes sign (cerebellum)
The sergeant stripes sign refers to the oblique direction of the cerebellar tonsillar folia a feature sometimes visible in cases of Chiari I malformation on sagittal imaging. It is unclear which insignia this is meant to represent as the direction of the chevrons depends on nationality. For exam...
Article
Solitary bone cyst of the mandible
Solitary bone cysts of the mandible (also known as traumatic bone cyst of the jaw, hemorrhagic cyst of the mandible, extravasation cyst, progressive bone cavity or unicameral bone cyst) are an uncommon nonepithelial lined lucent mandibular lesion. It is one of a myriad of potential mandibular le...
Article
Spiculated periosteal reaction
Spiculated periosteal reaction represents spicules of new bone-forming along vascular channels and the fibrous bands that anchor periosteum to bone (Sharpey fibers).
Pathology
A spiculated periosteal reaction signifies a rapid underlying process that prevents the formation of new bone under th...
Article
Spinal epidural injection
Epidural spinal injections are one of the more frequently performed spinal interventional procedures. Three approaches to the epidural space exist:
caudal epidural injection (via the sacral hiatus)
interlaminar epidural injection
cervical interlaminar epidural injection
lumbar interlaminar ...
Article
Meyerding classification of spondylolisthesis
The Meyerding classification of spondylolisthesis grades the severity of the slip.
Usage
This classification was originally developed for anterolistheses but can be adapted for retrolistheses, and some publications have done so 3.
Classification
To determine the grade of spondylolisthesis us...
Article
Stapedius muscle
The stapedius muscle is the tiny slender muscle in the middle ear that attaches to the stapes, which dampens excessive sound vibrations passed to the cochlea via the oval window.
Gross anatomy
The muscle is anchored within the petrous temporal bone. Its tendon emerges anteriorly from the holl...
Article
Stewart-Treves syndrome
Stewart-Treves syndrome refers to an angiosarcoma seen in the setting of lymphedema 1.
It was classically attributed to lymphedemas induced by radical mastectomy to treat breast cancer. Nowadays, we know that it can arise in chronically lymphedematous regions of any cause 2.
The incidence is ...
Article
Stiff person syndrome
Stiff person syndrome, previously known as stiff man syndrome, is a very rare neuromuscular disease.
Epidemiology
Onset is usually between 30 and 50 years of age.
Associations
An association with autoimmune disease, in particular type 1 diabetes mellitus, and various malignancies is describe...
Article
Strawberry gallbladder
Strawberry gallbladder refers to the surface appearance (not shape) of the mucosa of the gallbladder due to multiple small collections of triglycerides and cholesterol esters within the lamina propria of the gallbladder wall (gallbladder wall cholesterolosis).
Strawberry gallbladder represents...
Article
Strawberry skull
Strawberry skull refers to the shape of the head on an antenatal ultrasound.
Epidemiology
Associations
In general, strawberry skull is considered one of the non-specific 'soft markers' for abnormal fetal development. It is considered more closely associated with trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome).
...
Article
Sublabral foramen
A sublabral foramen is simply a focal detachment of the anterosuperior labrum from the underlying glenoid and constitutes a normal labral variant of no clinical significance 1-4.
On imaging, it might be confused with a SLAP lesion or an anterior labral tear 1.
Gross anatomy
Sublabral foramina...
Unable to process the form. Check for errors and try again.