Carpal coalition

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Carpal coalition refers to fusion of two or more carpal bones, and although the most commonly involved bones are the lunate and triquetrum, most combinations of adjacent bones can be found to be coalesced.

Epidemiology

The estimated prevalence is ~0.1% in Caucasian Americans and ~1.5% in African Americans, and it tends to affect women more commonly ^1-2.

Aetiology

Non-syndromatic congenital carpal coalition is transmitted via a mendelian inheritance pattern. Acquired intercarpal fusion can either be a consequence of an inflammatory arthropathy (e.g.rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis) or injury, or due to intentional surgical arthrodesis.

Pathology

As with tarsal coalition, congenital carpal coalition can either be osseous (synostosis), cartilaginous (synchondrosis), or fibrous (syndesmosis).

Types

The two most common types are:

luno-triquetral coalition: much more common than all other types combined
capito-hamate coalition

Associations

There are several associated conditions, especially with multiple coalitions:

-<p><strong>C</strong><strong>arpal coalition</strong> refers to fusion of two or more carpal bones, and although the most commonly involved bones are the <a href="/articles/lunate-1">lunate</a> and <a href="/articles/triquetrum">triquetrum</a>, most combinations of adjacent bones can be found to be coalesced. </p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>The estimated prevalence is ~0.1% in Caucasian Americans and ~1.5% in African Americans, and it tends to affect women more commonly <sup>1-2</sup>.</p><h4>Aetiology</h4><p>Non-syndromatic congenital carpal coalition is transmitted via a mendelian inheritance pattern. Acquired intercarpal fusion can either be a consequence of an inflammatory arthropathy (e.g.<a title="rheumatoid arthritis" href="/articles/rheumatoid-arthritis"> </a><a title="Rheumatoid arthritis" href="/articles/rheumatoid-arthritis">rheumatoid</a><a title="rheumatoid arthritis" href="/articles/rheumatoid-arthritis"> arthritis</a>,<a title="Psoriatic arthritis" href="/articles/psoriatic-arthritis"> psoriatic arthritis</a>,<a title="Reactive arthritis" href="/articles/reactive-arthritis"> reactive arthritis</a>) or injury, or due to intentional surgical arthrodesis.</p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>As with <a title="Tarsal coalition" href="/articles/tarsal-coalition">tarsal coalition</a>, congenital carpal coalition can either be osseous (synostosis), cartilaginous (<a title="Synchondrosis" href="/articles/synchondrosis">synchondrosis</a>), or fibrous (<a title="Syndesmosis" href="/articles/syndesmosis">syndesmosis</a>).</p><h5>Types</h5><p>The two most common types are</p><ul>
+<p><strong>C</strong><strong>arpal coalition</strong> refers to fusion of two or more carpal bones, and although the most commonly involved bones are the <a href="/articles/lunate-1">lunate</a> and <a href="/articles/triquetrum">triquetrum</a>, most combinations of adjacent bones can be found to be coalesced. </p><h4>Epidemiology</h4><p>The estimated prevalence is ~0.1% in Caucasian Americans and ~1.5% in African Americans, and it tends to affect women more commonly <sup>1-2</sup>.</p><h4>Aetiology</h4><p>Non-syndromatic congenital carpal coalition is transmitted via a mendelian inheritance pattern. Acquired intercarpal fusion can either be a consequence of an inflammatory arthropathy (e.g.<a href="/articles/rheumatoid-arthritis"> </a><a href="/articles/rheumatoid-arthritis">rheumatoid</a><a href="/articles/rheumatoid-arthritis"> arthritis</a>,<a href="/articles/psoriatic-arthritis"> psoriatic arthritis</a>,<a href="/articles/reactive-arthritis"> reactive arthritis</a>) or injury, or due to intentional surgical arthrodesis.</p><h4>Pathology</h4><p>As with <a href="/articles/tarsal-coalition">tarsal coalition</a>, congenital carpal coalition can either be osseous (synostosis), cartilaginous (<a href="/articles/synchondrosis">synchondrosis</a>), or fibrous (<a href="/articles/syndesmosis">syndesmosis</a>).</p><h5>Types</h5><p>The two most common types are:</p><ul>

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