Extrapyramidal system
Updates to Article Attributes
The extrapyramidal system is the part of the motor system involved in modulation and regulation of movement. As its name suggests, it is distinct from the motor fibres that are relayed through the pyramids of the medulla oblongata (corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts).
ItAlthough the extrapyramidal system is not well defined 1, it is generally considered to be composed of nerve cells, nerve tracts and pathways that connect the cerebralcortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, reticular formation, andspinal neurones. Brainstem nuclei of the extrapyramicalextrapyramidal system include the red nucleus and substantia nigra.
History and etymology
The term 'extrapyramidal' was introduced by Ukranian physician Johann Prus in 1898 following his observation that even with transection of corticospinal tracts, cortical epileptic activity still resulted in muscle activation 1.
-<p>The <strong>extrapyramidal system</strong> is the part of the motor system involved in modulation and regulation of movement. As its name suggests, it is distinct from the motor fibres that are relayed through the <a href="/articles/pyramids">pyramids</a> of the <a href="/articles/medulla-oblongata">medulla oblongata</a> (corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts).</p><p>It is composed of nerve cells, nerve tracts and pathways that connect the <a href="/articles/cerebral-cortex">cerebral-cortex</a>, <a href="/articles/basal-ganglia">basal ganglia</a>, <a href="/articles/thalamus">thalamus</a>, <a href="/articles/cerebellum">cerebellum</a>, <a href="/articles/reticular-formation">reticular formation</a>, and-spinal neurones. <a href="/articles/brainstem-nuclei">Brainstem nuclei</a> of the extrapyramical system include the <a href="/articles/red-nucleus">red nucleus</a> and <a href="/articles/substantia-nigra">substantia nigra</a>.</p>- +<p>The <strong>extrapyramidal system</strong> is the part of the motor system involved in modulation and regulation of movement. As its name suggests, it is distinct from the motor fibres that are relayed through the <a href="/articles/pyramids">pyramids</a> of the <a href="/articles/medulla-oblongata">medulla oblongata</a> (corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts).</p><p>Although the extrapyramidal system is not well defined <sup>1</sup>, it is generally considered to be composed of nerve cells, nerve tracts and pathways that connect the <a href="/articles/cerebral-cortex">cerebral cortex</a>, <a href="/articles/basal-ganglia">basal ganglia</a>, <a href="/articles/thalamus">thalamus</a>, <a href="/articles/cerebellum">cerebellum</a>, <a href="/articles/reticular-formation">reticular formation</a>, and spinal neurones. <a href="/articles/brainstem-nuclei">Brainstem nuclei</a> of the extrapyramidal system include the <a href="/articles/red-nucleus">red nucleus</a> and <a href="/articles/substantia-nigra">substantia nigra</a>.</p><h4>History and etymology</h4><p>The term 'extrapyramidal' was introduced by Ukranian physician Johann Prus in 1898 following his observation that even with transection of <a href="/articles/corticospinal-tract" title="Corticospinal tract">corticospinal tracts</a>, cortical epileptic activity still resulted in muscle activation <sup>1</sup>.</p>
References changed:
- 1. Lenka A & Jankovic J. Extrapyramidal System/Symptoms/Signs Should Be Retired. Neur Clin Pract. 2024;14(4). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1212/cpj.0000000000200308">doi:10.1212/cpj.0000000000200308</a>
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