Hematomyelia

Changed by Zishan Sheikh, 24 Aug 2017

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Haematomyelia refers to the presence of intramedullary haemorrhage or haematoma within the spinal cord. This is distinct from extramedullary haemorrhage, such as that seen in epidural haematomas.

Although this can occur in the setting of trauma, the term is generally used to signify non-traumatic spinal cord haemorrhage. In the absence of trauma or abnormal coagulation, an underlying vascular lesion should always be considered in haematomyelia. ¹

Aetiology

idiopathic
vascular malformations ^2-3
- arteriovenous malformations
- cavernous haemangiomas
- angiomas
anti-coagulation therapy ⁴
coagulopathies
radiation therapy ⁵
spinal instrumentation
- surgery
- lumbar puncture

-Haematomyelia refers to the presence of intramedullary haemorrhage or haematoma within the spinal cord. This is distinct from extramedullary haemorrhage, such as that seen in epidural haematomas.Although this can occur in the setting of trauma, the term is generally used to signify non-traumatic spinal cord haemorrhage<h4>Aetiology</h4>
+Haematomyelia refers to the presence of intramedullary haemorrhage or haematoma within the spinal cord. This is distinct from extramedullary haemorrhage, such as that seen in epidural haematomas.Although this can occur in the setting of trauma, the term is generally used to signify non-traumatic spinal cord haemorrhage. In the absence of trauma or abnormal coagulation, an underlying vascular lesion should always be considered in haematomyelia. 1<h4>Aetiology</h4><ul>
+<li>idiopathic</li>
+<li>vascular malformations 2-3<ul>
+<li><a href="/articles/spinal-arteriovenous-malformations">arteriovenous malformations</a></li>
+<li><a href="/articles/cavernous-venous-malformation-1">cavernous haemangiomas</a></li>
+<li>angiomas</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>anti-coagulation therapy 4
+</li>
+<li>coagulopathies</li>
+<li>radiation therapy 5
+</li>
+<li>spinal instrumentation<ul>
+<li>surgery</li>
+<li>lumbar puncture</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>

References changed:

1. Matsumura A, Ayuzawa S, Doi M, Enomoto T, Takeuchi S, Yoshii Y, Nose T. Chronic progressive hematomyelia: case reports and review of the literature. Surgical neurology. 51 (5): 559-63. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10321889">Pubmed</a>
2. Karavelis A, Foroglou G, Petsanas A, Zarampoukas T. Spinal cord dysfunction caused by non-traumatic hematomyelia. Spinal cord. 34 (5): 268-71. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8963973">Pubmed</a>
3. Saliou G, Tej A, Theaudin M, Tardieu M, Ozanne A, Sachet M, Ducreux D, Deiva K. Risk factors of hematomyelia recurrence and clinical outcome in children with intradural spinal cord arteriovenous malformations. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology. 35 (7): 1440-6. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A3888">doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3888</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24627450">Pubmed</a>
4. Famularo G, Sajeva MR, Gasbarrone L. Warfarin-associated hematomyelia. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan). 53 (6): 623-6. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24633035">Pubmed</a>
5. Agarwal A, Kanekar S, Thamburaj K, Vijay K. Radiation-induced spinal cord hemorrhage (hematomyelia). Neurology international. 6 (4): 5553. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4081/ni.2014.5553">doi:10.4081/ni.2014.5553</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25568739">Pubmed</a>
6. Kreppel D, Antoniadis G, Seeling W. Spinal hematoma: a literature survey with meta-analysis of 613 patients. Neurosurgical review. 26 (1): 1-49. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-002-0224-y">doi:10.1007/s10143-002-0224-y</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12520314">Pubmed</a>

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