Articles
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16,908 results found
Article
Enuclation
Enucleation of the eye describes the surgical removal of the entire globe with the separation of all connections to the orbit, including optic nerve transection. Alternatives such as evisceration or exenteration can be considered according to the underlying diagnosis and disease.
Rarely, auto-e...
Article
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy is a relatively new treatment for certain cancers which result in immune system-mediated destruction of tumor cells.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors act through a unique mechanism of action when compared with those of conventional chemotherapeutic agents. They c...
Article
Bladder outlet obstruction
Bladder outlet obstruction can arise from a number of conditions affecting the urethra and/or bladder outlet but is most commonly encountered in elderly men due to prostate enlargement.
Clinical presentation
Patients often present with difficulty in urination, retention, and urinary discomfor...
Article
Pine cone bladder
A pine cone bladder or Christmas tree bladder is a cystographic appearance in which the bladder is elongated and pointed with a thickened, trabeculated wall. It is typically seen in severe neurogenic bladder with increased sphincter tone (detrusor sphincter dyssynergia) due to suprasacral lesion...
Article
Acute gastritis
Acute gastritis is a broad term that encompasses a myriad of causes of gastric mucosal inflammation.
Epidemiology
It depends on the etiology (see below).
Clinical presentation
asymptomatic
epigastric pain/tenderness
nausea and vomiting
loss of appetite
Pathology
Etiology
infection: H....
Article
Peptic ulcer disease
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) encompasses a number of entities, united by the presence of mucosal ulceration secondary to the effects of gastric acid. Since the recognition of Helicobacter pylori as a common causative agent and the development of powerful anti-acid medications, peptic ulcer disease...
Article
Carotid body
The carotid body is located within the neck, and in close proximity to the carotid bifurcation. It is composed of a number of chemoreceptor cells and supporting matrix and detects changes in the composition of blood in the common carotid as it forms the internal and external carotid arteries.
I...
Article
Mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia and epilepsy (MOGHE)
Mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia and epilepsy (MOGHE) is a histopathological entity primarily associated with drug-resistant frontal lobe epilepsy. MOGHE is characterized by a distinct histological phenotype that includes blurred gray-white matter bound...
Article
Central retinal artery occlusion
Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is a cause of inner retinal infarction and profound, monocular vision loss, most commonly caused by embolic occlusion of the central retinal artery. It is often considered to be the ocular/retinal equivalent to cerebral ischemic stroke.
Clinical presentat...
Article
Acute spinal cord ischemia syndrome
Acute spinal cord ischemia syndrome, also known as acute spinal cord infarction, is uncommon, but usually presents with profound neurological signs and symptoms, and the prognosis is poor.
Epidemiology
Acute spinal cord ischemia syndrome represents only 5-8% of acute myelopathies 4,5 and <1% ...
Article
Sulcal artery syndrome
Sulcal artery syndrome is a rare cause of spinal cord infarction involving the territory of one of the sulcal arteries, which are penetrating branches of the anterior spinal artery, each vessel supplying either left or right side of the cord, but not both. The result is an incomplete Brown-Séqua...
Article
Pleuropulmonary blastoma
Pleuropulmonary blastomas are a rare, variably aggressive, childhood primary intrathoracic malignancy. In up to 25% of cases, the mass can be extrapulmonary with attachment to the parietal pleura. They are classified under sarcomatoid carcinomas of the lungs.
Epidemiology
Pleuropulmonary blas...
Article
Ureteric stent
Ureteric stents, also known as ureteral stents, double J stents, JJ stents or retrograde ureteric stents, are urological catheters that have two "J-shaped" (curled) ends, where one is anchored in the renal pelvis and the other inside the bladder.
Stents are used for the free passage of urine fr...
Article
Encrusted ureteric stent
Ureteric stent encrustation is a significant complication of ureteric stent placement, it can prone patient to renal damage. The timely endourologic intervention has a significant role in the rescue of renal function 1,3.
Pathology
Causes of encrustation are multifactorial which include:
calc...
Article
Aortic dissection
Aortic dissection is the prototype and most common form of acute aortic syndromes and a type of arterial dissection. It occurs when blood enters the medial layer of the aortic wall through a tear or penetrating ulcer in the intima and tracks longitudinally along with the media, forming a second ...
Article
Blumcke classification of focal cortical dysplasia
Blumcke et al. proposed the widely adopted International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) consensus classification system for focal cortical dysplasia in 2011 2, which shares many features with the previously described classification systems by Palmini (2004) and Barkovich (2005).
In 2022, an up...
Article
Gastric cancer (TNM staging)
Gastric cancer staging is routinely performed using the TNM staging system. This article is based on the 8th edition of the AJCC TNM classification of malignant tumors. This is technically the clinical TNM staging (cTNM).
cTNM staging (8th edition)
T
Tx: primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0: ...
Article
Gastric adenocarcinoma
Gastric adenocarcinoma, commonly, although erroneously, referred to as gastric cancer, refers to a primary malignancy arising from the gastric epithelium. It is the most common gastric malignancy. It is the third most common GI malignancy following colon and pancreatic carcinoma.
Epidemiology
...
Article
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. They account for ~5% of all sarcomas and are mostly found within the stomach and mid-distal small bowel. They respond remarkably well to chemotherapy.
Terminology
Previously, these tum...
Article
Mild malformation of cortical development
Mild malformations of cortical development (mMCD), previously known as microdysgenesis 4, correspond to microscopic malformations of cortical development with heterotopic neurons and an abnormal cortical architecture 1.
For a broader view of malformations of cortical development, refer to the ...
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