Articles
Articles are a collaborative effort to provide a single canonical page on all topics relevant to the practice of radiology. As such, articles are written and continuously improved upon by countless contributing members. Our dedicated editors oversee each edit for accuracy and style. Find out more about articles.
16,906 results found
Article
Sclerotic bone metastases
Sclerotic or osteoblastic bone metastases are distant tumor deposits of a primary tumor within bone characterized by new bone deposition or new bone formation.
Epidemiology
Bone metastases are the most common bone malignancy, with sclerotic bone metastases being less common than lytic bone met...
Article
Lytic bone metastases
Lytic bone (osteolytic) metastases are distant tumor deposits of a primary tumor within bone characterized by a loss of bone with the destruction of the bone matrix.
Epidemiology
Lytic bone metastases are more common than sclerotic bone metastases.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is usually establis...
Article
Mixed lytic and sclerotic bone metastases
Mixed lytic and sclerotic bone (osteolytic and osteoblastic) metastases refer to metastatic bone disease with both sclerotic and lytic bone metastases or bone metastases with both components.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is established by proof of sclerotic and lytic bone metastases of one primary ...
Article
Penumbra sign (intraosseous abscess)
In musculoskeletal radiology, the penumbra sign represents a rim of vascularized granulation tissue surrounding an intraosseous abscess cavity, with a higher T1 signal intensity than the cavity itself 1. This finding is a specific (~98%) but relatively insensitive (~55%) sign to distinguish suba...
Article
Soft tissue abscess
Soft tissue abscesses are focal or localized collections of pus caused by an immune response to pathogenic microorganisms. They are surrounded by a peripheral rim or abscess membrane and can be found within the soft tissues in any body part 1.
Soft tissue abscesses include subcutaneous abscesse...
Article
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis is an uncommon condition that often presents at an advanced stage. Imaging is more often used for staging than for the initial diagnosis. It is the commonest histological subtype of penile cancer.
Epidemiology
Penile cancer is a relatively infrequent ...
Article
Monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancy
A monochorionic monoamniotic (MCMA) twin pregnancy is a subtype of monozygotic twin pregnancy. These fetuses share a single chorionic sac, a single amniotic sac, and, in general, a single yolk sac.
Epidemiology
It accounts for the minority (~5%) of monozygotic twin pregnancies and ~1-2% of al...
Article
Lipomyelocele
Lipomyelocele, also known as lipomyeloschisis, is one of the most common closed spinal dysraphisms. It is most commonly encountered in the thoracolumbar region and usually presents as a fatty subcutaneous mass.
It should not be confused with myeloschisis which is a severe form of open spinal dy...
Article
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Normal pressure hydrocephalus remains a controversial entity with often ambiguous imaging findings. It is classically characterized by the triad of gait apraxia/ataxia, urinary incontinence, and cognitive impairment, although not all patients with the condition have all three 31.
On imaging, it...
Article
Spinal instability neoplastic score (SINS)
The spinal instability neoplastic score (SINS) helps to assess tumor-related instability of the vertebral column. It has been shown to be useful in guiding the mobilization or operative management of patients with neoplastic spinal disease and correlates with patient-reported outcomes 1-4.
Stud...
Article
Spinal dysraphism
Spinal dysraphisms refer to a broad group of malformations affecting the spine and/or surrounding structures in the dorsum of the embryo. They are a form of neural tube defect.
Terminology
The term dysraphism implies that the cause of the abnormality is due to anomalous midline fusion and shou...
Article
Spatial compounding (ultrasound)
Spatial compounding is an advanced ultrasound technique that utilizes multiple angles of insonation to create a single averaged image 1.
Clinical applications
The advantages of spatial compounding are that angle dependent artefacts are reduced, curved surfaces appear more continuous and backgr...
Article
Esophageal stricture
Esophageal stricture refers to any persistent intrinsic narrowing of the esophagus.
Terminology
The term peptic stricture refers specifically to those benign esophageal strictures caused by chronic acid reflux, although some - incorrectly - use it more loosely to refer to any benign esophagea...
Article
Schatzki ring
A Schatzki ring, also called a Schatzki-Gary ring, is a symptomatic, narrow esophageal B-ring occurring in the distal esophagus and usually associated with a hiatus hernia.
Epidemiology
Relatively common, lower esophageal rings are found in ~6-14% of oesophagrams 9.
Associations
More than ...
Article
Salter-Harris classification
The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and, at the time of writing (January 2023) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.
Classification
Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.
type I
s...
Article
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a surgical procedure for the extraction of large renal calculi. It is usually performed in the operating theater either by a urologist or combined urologist-radiologist team.
Indication
PCNL is used to destroy and remove renal calculi, typically over 2 cm...
Article
Autoimmune glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy
Autoimmune glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy, or simply GFAP astrocytopathy, is a rare inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorder.
Epidemiology
Given the rarity of the condition, epidemiological data pertaining to autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy are not well establishe...
Article
Alexander disease
Alexander disease, also known as fibrinoid leukodystrophy, is a rare fatal leukodystrophy. Usually clinically evident in the infantile period, neonatal, juvenile, and adult variants are recognized. As with many diseases with a variable age of presentation, the earlier it manifests the more fulmi...
Article
External auditory canal cholesteatoma
External auditory canal cholesteatomas are a rare subtype of acquired cholesteatoma.
Epidemiology
The external acoustic canal is a rare location for a cholesteatoma with an estimated incidence of around 1.2 per 1,000 new otological patients ref. The overall incidence rate in one large study wa...
Article
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common gastrointestinal condition in premature neonates. It is characterized by inflammation, ischemia, and permeability of the neonatal bowel wall to bacteria. It is potentially life-threatening with significant associated morbidity 1.
Epidemiology
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